# LOVECLIM transient simulations of Heinrich Stadial 1
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#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
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#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
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# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24870
#      Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/menviel2018/menviel2018-hs1.txt
#      Description: NOAA location of the template
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# Original_Source_URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4225/41/58192cb8bff06
#      Description: Link to DOI landing page minted by contributor
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# Archive: Paleoclimatic Modeling
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# Dataset_DOI:
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# Parameter_Keywords: ocean model
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# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2018-08-13
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2018-08-13
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# Title
#    Study_Name: LOVECLIM transient simulations of Heinrich Stadial 1
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# Investigators
#      Investigators: Menviel, Laurie
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: Data can also be found at this THREDDS Data Server: http://dap.nci.org.au/thredds/remoteCatalogService?catalog=http://dapds00.nci.org.au/thredds/catalogs/ua8/T1c13/T1c13.xml
#         Provided Keywords: Carbon isotopes, Heinrich 1,Palaeoclimatology, Physical Oceanography
#     Transient simulations of Heinrich stadial 1 with a carbon-isotope enabled model and impact of poleward intensified southern hemisphere westerlies in a global eddy permitting ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model v1-0
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# This dataset is a collection of outputs of numerical simulations performed with LOVECLIM, an Earth System Model and the eddy permitting global MOM5 model coupled to sea-ice model SYS and carbon cycle model WOMBAT. 
# Transient experiments performed with LOVECLIM started from a LGM state described in Menviel et al., 2016. The model was then forced with evolving boundary conditions (orbital parameters, ice-sheet topography and albedo) but with prognostic CO2, d13CO2 and D14C.
# During the experiment meltwater was added into the North Atlantic to simulate a weakening of NADW during H1.
# Four experiments were performed:
# LH1 - freshwater addition in the Southern Ocean and weak southern hemispheric westerlies
# LH1SO - salt addition in the Southern Ocean, weak southern hemispheric westerlies
# LH1SHW - freshwater addition in the Southern Ocean, stronger southern hemispheric westerlies
# LH1SOSHW - salt addition in the Southern Ocean, stronger southern hemispheric westerlies
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# The dataset include AABW and NPIW strength, atmospheric CO2, d13C and D14C as well as oceanic DIC and d13C values for a subset of experiments. d13C and D14C values are the isotopic signatures of oceanic DIC and respectively represent a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes  13C  and radioactive isotope 14C with respect to the standard . Both are reported in parts per thousand. 
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# LOVECLIM is an acronym made from the names of the five different models that have been coupled to built the Earth system model: LOch-Vecode-Ecbilt-CLio-agIsm Model (LOVECLIM). LOVECLIM 1.2 includes representations of the atmosphere, the ocean and sea ice, the land surface (including vegetation), the ice sheets, the icebergs and the carbon cycle. 
# The atmospheric component is ECBilt2, a T21, 3-level quasi-geostrophic model. The oceanic component is CLIO3, which is made up of an ocean general circulation model coupled to a comprehensive thermodynamic-dynamic sea-ice model. Its horizontal resolution is 3° y 3°, and there are 20 levels in the ocean. ECBilt-CLIO is coupled to VECODE, a vegetationmodel that simulates 
# the dynamics of two main terrestrial plant functional types, trees and grasses, as well as desert. VECODE also simulates the evolution of the carbon cycle over land while the oceanic ca
# rbon cycle is represented in LOCH, a comprehensive model that takes into account both the solubility and biological pumps.
# LOVECLIM description is an extract from http://www.academia.edu/12279222/Description_of_the_Earth_system_model_of_intermediate_complexity_LOVECLIM_version_1.2
# 
# The experiments performed with MOM5-SYS-WOMBAT (http://cosima.org.au/index.php/models/mom-sis-025-wombat/) include a control run and a simulation with poleward intensified southern hemisphere westerlies.
# The outputs from these simulations include dissolved inorganic carbon and CO2 flux out of the ocean. 
# Reference: Menviel, L., P. Spence, J. Yu, M. Chamberlain, R. Matear, K. Meissner, M. England, "Abrupt early deglacial atmospheric CO2 increase driven by Southern Hemisphere westerlies", 2017, in review.
# This dataset was produced by Laurie Menviel of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Systems Sciences, as part of the center "Mechanisms and attribution of past and future ocean circulation change" research program.
# More information: https://www.climatescience.org.au/content/398-research-program-mechanisms-and-attribution-past-and-future-ocean-circulation-change
# Files included are representing:
# Figure 1:
#  LH1SOSHW-Fig1.dat
#  LH1SOSHW-Fig2.txt
# Figure 2:
# Timeseries:
#  LH1-Fig2.txt
#  LH1SHW-Fig2.txt
#  LH1SO-Fig2.txt
#  LH1SOSHW-Fig2.txt
#  LH1-Fig2_DICALK.dat
#  LH1SHW-Fig2_DICALK.dat
#  LH1SO-Fig2_DICALK.dat
#  LH1SOSHW-Fig2_DICALK.dat
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#  3D DIC content for 19k:LGM_DIC_19k.nc
#  3D DIC content for 15k in LH1:LH1_DIC_15k.nc
#  3D DIC content for 15k in LH1-SO-SHW:LH1SOSHW_DIC_15k.nc
# Figure 3:
#  3D DIC Control run yr 50:  CTR_DIC_2019.nc
#  3D DIC poleward intensified winds yr 50:  W_DIC_2019.nc
#  CO2 flux Control run yr 50: CTR_FDIC_2019.nc
#  CO2 flux poleward intensified winds yr 50:W_FDIC_2019.nc
# Figure 4
#  3D d13C content for 19k:LGM_d13C_19k.nc
#  3D d13C content for 16k in LH1-SO-SHW:LH1SOSHW_d13C_16k.nc
# Other relevant information
# ARCCSS CMS wiki: http://climate-cms.unsw.wikispaces.net/ARCCSS+published+datasets
# 
# File organisation:
# /g/data1/ua8/ARCCSS_Data/T1c13/v1-0/netcdf/....   contains the CF - ACDD compliant netcdf output
# /g/data1/ua8/ARCCSS_Data/T1c13/v1-0/ascii/....   contains the ascii output
# Contact: laurie.menviel@mq.edu.au for any question on the dataset content and provenance
#          paola.petrelli@utas.edu.au for questions or issues with file accessibility
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# Publication
# Authors: Menviel, Laurie
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
# Published_Title: Transient simulations of Heinrich stadial 1 with a carbon-isotope enabled model and impact of poleward intensified southern hemisphere westerlies in a global eddy permitting ocean, sea-ice, carbon cycle model v1.0
# Journal_Name: National Research Data Collection
# Volume: 
# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 
# Report_Number: 
# DOI: 10.4225/41/5af39aae7960f
# Online_Resource: 
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract:
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# Publication
# Authors: Menviel, L., P. Spence, J. Yu, M. Chamberlain, R. Matear, K.J. Meissner, and M.H. England
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2018
# Published_Title: Southern Hemisphere westerlies as a driver of the early deglacial atmospheric CO2 rise
# Journal_Name: Nature Communications
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# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 
# Report_Number: 
# DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04876-4
# Online_Resource: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04876-4.epdf
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: The early part of the last deglaciation is characterised by a ~40 ppm atmospheric CO2 rise occurring in two abrupt phases. The underlying mechanisms driving these increases remain a subject of intense debate. Here, we successfully reproduce changes in CO2, d13C and ?14C as recorded by paleo-records during Heinrich stadial 1 (HS1). We show that HS1 CO2 increase can be explained by enhanced Southern Ocean upwelling of carbon-rich Pacific deep and intermediate waters, resulting from intensified Southern Ocean convection and SouthernHemisphere (SH) westerlies. While enhanced Antarctic Bottom Water formation leads to a millennial CO2 outgassing, intensified SH westerlies induce a multi-decadal atmospheric CO2 rise. A strengthening of SH westerlies in a global eddy-permitting ocean model further supports a multi-decadal CO2 outgassing from the Southern Ocean. Our results highlight the crucial role of SH westerlies in the global climate and carbon cycle system with important implications for future climate projections.
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# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: Australian Research Council
#    Grant: DE150100107, DP180100048, FT140101393
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# Site_Information
# Site_Name: Global
# Location: Global
# Country: 
# Northernmost_Latitude: 90
# Southernmost_Latitude: -90
# Easternmost_Longitude: 180
# Westernmost_Longitude: -180
# Elevation: 
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# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Global HS1 Menviel2018
#   First_Year: 18000
#   Last_Year: 15000
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
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#   Notes: 
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