Greenland D4 Ice Core Black Carbon, VA, and nssS Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Greenland D4 Ice Core Black Carbon, VA, and nssS Data LAST UPDATE: 9/2007 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Joseph R. McConnell, Ross Edwards, Eric S. Saltzman IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2007-060 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: McConnell, J.R., et al. 2007. Greenland D4 Ice Core Black Carbon, VA, and nssS Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2007-060. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: McConnell, J.R., R. Edwards, G.L. Kok, M.G. Flanner, C.S. Zender, E.S. Saltzman, J.R. Banta, D.R. Pasteris, M.M. Carter, and J.D.W. Kahl. 2007. 20th-Century Industrial Black Carbon Emissions Altered Arctic Climate Forcing. Science, Vol. 317, No. 5843, pp. 1381 - 1384, 7 September 2007. DOI: 10.1126/science.1144856 ABSTRACT: Black carbon (BC) from biomass and fossil fuel combustion alters chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere and snow albedo, yet little is known about its emission or deposition histories. Measurements of BC, vanillic acid, and non–sea-salt sulfur in ice cores indicate that sources and concentrations of BC in Greenland precipitation varied greatly since 1788 as a result of boreal forest fires and industrial activities. Beginning about 1850, industrial emissions resulted in a sevenfold increase in ice-core BC concentrations, with most change occurring in winter. BC concentrations after about 1951 were lower but increasing. At its maximum from 1906 to 1910, estimated surface climate forcing in early summer from BC in Arctic snow was about 3 watts per square meter, which is eight times the typical preindustrial forcing value. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE: Banta, J.R. and J.R. McConnell. 2007. Annual accumulation over recent centuries at four sites in central Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 112(D10114), DOI 10.1029/2006JD007887. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Central Greenland PERIOD OF RECORD: 1788-2002 AD FUNDING SOURCES: Arctic Natural Sciences, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, USA. DESCRIPTION: Measurements of black carbon, vanillic acid, and non–sea-salt sulfur in the D4 ice core in central Greenland (71.4°N, 44.0°W, 2713 m elevation). All values are annual averages. Missing values are identified by NaN. Estimated data precision for Calendar Year 0.25, 0.02 for chemical species. DATA: Greenland D4 Ice Core Chemistry Data Column 1: Calendar Year Column 2: Black carbon, ng per g Column 3: Vanillic Acid, ng per g Column 4: non-sea-salt Sulfur, ng per g Year Black Carbon Vanillic Acid nss Sulfur 1788 1.26578 66.5236 8.65 1789 0.946419 65.6077 13.07 1790 0.810142 57.8195 11.3055 1791 0.828074 52.6445 7.90818 1792 2.73608 68.2952 9.78273 1793 1.39051 60.2801 10.6691 1794 12.0745 233.539 12.3627 1795 1.00983 57.59 11.6136 1796 1.30393 70.6164 12.8055 1797 1.13776 90.1154 10.9845 1798 1.07239 72.1684 8.89364 1799 2.70073 98.3348 10.7573 1800 2.32035 91.8825 9.61091 1801 0.736162 59.9909 10.2927 1802 1.21676 65.8622 7.46455 1803 1.33086 63.432 9.21545 1804 1.38691 55.9108 NaN 1805 0.964471 46.0279 12.235 1806 1.35648 56.9663 10.7282 1807 2.52204 118.383 8.11909 1808 1.66376 86.5954 7.83273 1809 0.651436 53.1561 10.6227 1810 0.911887 59.6243 NaN 1811 1.60084 66.0004 NaN 1812 3.20857 100.775 13.2364 1813 0.960646 45.9348 11.2727 1814 4.3419 77.6965 16.5182 1815 1.76845 34.0465 19.3555 1816 0.871883 37.1447 NaN 1817 0.958807 39.4578 NaN 1818 0.792433 57.1055 13.4136 1819 1.70683 57.5151 11.5136 1820 3.23373 86.0675 8.54273 1821 1.81386 77.6491 10.9191 1822 1.33795 49.168 14.3173 1823 1.52722 47.5757 14.69 1824 0.973074 37.5081 10.5773 1825 1.43839 62.3783 14.8436 1826 2.00067 64.657 9.91909 1827 0.819619 42.7164 8.92545 1828 1.09639 53.5209 9.33364 1829 1.8234 63.1355 11.095 1830 0.966206 45.6674 10.8255 1831 0.851831 34.1236 11.9591 1832 1.18891 38.2801 NaN 1833 1.67007 60.1869 16.9667 1834 1.84921 84.3699 6.5925 1835 1.26818 72.1664 13.9573 1836 0.662536 40.7124 NaN 1837 1.1038 76.9047 14.0318 1838 1.30456 51.3667 8.61455 1839 2.21987 56.2741 7.37182 1840 1.01071 44.8946 6.81 1841 1.40218 46.7546 9.50818 1842 1.71928 72.982 8.21818 1843 0.858577 38.903 6.75273 1844 1.72757 62.4511 8.82 1845 0.730035 52.9954 12.3391 1846 1.05154 48.1815 11.4064 1847 1.46863 66.7885 9.39909 1848 1.07762 58.1431 6.04091 1849 1.24443 54.6993 6.133 1850 1.7173 54.8683 9.52364 1851 1.06606 48.4663 6.56273 1852 1.04282 51.5127 6.84909 1853 2.25673 62.7284 11.2364 1854 10.997 154.569 13.6682 1855 1.09989 60.6067 7.64727 1856 0.773488 49.6836 11.2945 1857 0.94568 44.8126 13.0891 1858 0.908166 52.422 7.99636 1859 0.858502 39.7155 6.88182 1860 0.835273 53.5864 9.88909 1861 1.17269 47.3518 10.8464 1862 1.87979 78.2779 10.0982 1863 9.55584 368.193 20.8527 1864 2.84132 106.819 9.96636 1865 0.771269 65.7941 8.80727 1866 1.75029 82.0392 7.93273 1867 1.6458 70.6546 8.17818 1868 7.60973 305.222 9.92 1869 1.82856 95.6153 6.85545 1870 1.53471 76.111 8.66636 1871 1.44373 80.2165 9.02455 1872 2.75553 70.2015 14.8891 1873 1.76482 66.9096 13.8936 1874 1.57602 73.6443 10.04 1875 1.36 71.3519 13.8145 1876 1.17454 60.2549 7.61455 1877 1.11433 53.808 7.81636 1878 1.74193 61.5407 9.86818 1879 1.63802 53.1985 8.06909 1880 1.6978 59.3754 9.79818 1881 2.48912 101.783 8.57273 1882 1.11056 52.566 9.39 1883 1.60269 64.6033 9.78818 1884 1.42729 47.9412 NaN 1885 2.0566 65.2408 NaN 1886 2.70155 113.715 13.5636 1887 1.37682 102.835 9.10818 1888 0.970007 58.342 8.15909 1889 6.89453 203.244 12.5871 1890 1.79548 80.2025 11.0111 1891 3.9882 55.5497 12.5891 1892 3.56642 58.8877 14.0327 1893 3.63758 62.3865 12.4918 1894 4.35676 107.717 14.4709 1895 8.53534 132.903 13.7082 1896 3.14423 101.677 12.3027 1897 2.34252 85.6307 10.0509 1898 2.62515 67.1485 9.80273 1899 1.67651 53.277 9.52727 1900 8.67508 51.0325 14.8491 1901 3.91166 71.2003 13.2027 1902 4.69985 78.3063 16.5364 1903 2.96803 55.2649 19.1009 1904 4.2263 66.2451 21.3891 1905 8.44499 59.19 19.8482 1906 7.04973 63.8142 18.39 1907 6.20483 49.4811 23.7309 1908 16.3355 112.727 27.8673 1909 7.76637 53.9267 16.0364 1910 12.1126 51.4223 23.8991 1911 3.9796 44.6212 13.4855 1912 5.17833 23.1068 NaN 1913 7.24212 34.8781 NaN 1914 3.33339 40.239 16.1436 1915 4.67966 66.9073 16.3191 1916 6.35915 73.355 18.3791 1917 11.8983 85.0972 26.73 1918 5.13721 70.9334 22.1027 1919 3.51769 76.7008 19.1209 1920 5.36264 73.4212 22.2991 1921 5.02764 87.3626 18.6182 1922 4.79432 80.7597 16.1618 1923 8.95428 62.5891 25.1736 1924 6.43489 76.5575 25.0655 1925 4.90563 91.8711 22.5245 1926 3.05143 88.4196 17.0436 1927 6.40979 74.5478 20.7427 1928 7.84642 70.6692 20.6391 1929 4.12601 67.6518 16.8491 1930 3.59605 83.7565 16.8982 1931 4.44109 79.6656 19.9027 1932 3.26224 72.675 11.1336 1933 2.51579 76.8103 13.8582 1934 4.47911 67.9759 14.65 1935 2.8773 54.6391 20.89 1936 5.58774 64.1592 14.9309 1937 4.86838 76.551 17.9618 1938 2.82408 75.8084 15.41 1939 3.14543 58.4968 19.14 1940 3.33855 68.4624 14.3709 1941 2.92687 46.4983 17.8818 1942 7.68796 77.1308 17.8518 1943 5.63462 43.9193 25.5855 1944 4.7453 45.228 17.7236 1945 5.76697 50.6581 19.4345 1946 4.17945 44.2508 14.8418 1947 2.70608 46.9919 25.8073 1948 3.52168 41.2839 19.9855 1949 2.45708 60.4418 18.5055 1950 4.01239 102.486 25.9836 1951 5.86933 39.6037 29.2473 1952 2.35361 46.3899 19.0573 1953 1.51188 43.0872 15.4373 1954 1.91435 52.8905 21.4136 1955 1.91059 46.0337 23.0891 1956 1.46263 94.8975 22.7655 1957 1.33082 91.0005 18.8945 1958 1.85444 75.2086 20.8209 1959 2.15662 50.553 23.9391 1960 1.39129 42.7766 23.2727 1961 1.79128 67.6291 25.3282 1962 2.16386 75.7006 24.0991 1963 1.61576 71.6435 NaN 1964 6.73623 177.633 NaN 1965 1.27973 43.61 24.2345 1966 3.2687 44.3582 31.0036 1967 1.44564 47.857 26.3282 1968 2.10113 54.1223 26.4173 1969 1.65927 59.9791 30.1573 1970 2.19839 33.0454 34.9964 1971 2.86054 76.593 33.3909 1972 3.14858 89.1257 35.8309 1973 2.28891 47.586 34.1818 1974 1.84277 64.7246 29.2445 1975 1.182 35.4055 21.2 1976 1.39197 31.1188 27.1827 1977 1.61293 53.4529 26.0918 1978 1.16676 33.5596 19.9364 1979 3.41195 50.4472 31.6445 1980 4.44726 36.5913 28.1509 1981 2.26622 47.5996 28.8264 1982 1.81324 7.57573 30.73 1983 1.42255 41.381 27.4082 1984 1.70481 22.6503 30.9455 1985 1.89867 48.4819 22.8955 1986 1.02579 21.6616 21.7436 1987 1.58585 23.9638 17.0718 1988 2.21821 12.929 18.2 1989 1.08312 14.7813 18.3591 1990 2.9348 74.1405 NaN 1991 2.09298 76.5478 13.3271 1992 1.73703 20.5476 25.5055 1993 1.19432 28.4998 18.7073 1994 6.31342 43.0002 17.4936 1995 3.96889 27.847 16.3436 1996 2.0804 34.6014 12.0327 1997 3.33396 53.955 16.6309 1998 2.46377 47.7091 14.6518 1999 1.25528 78.9199 10.0382 2000 1.22593 83.9674 10.8536 2001 0.922115 93.5536 9.06429 2002 1.07959 105.104 6.19167