ATM aerosol concentrations REFERENCES: Dibb, J.E., and J.L. Jaffrezo. 1997. Air-snow exchange investigations at Summit, Greenland: An overview. Journal of Geophysical Research 102:26795 26807. Bergin, M.H., S.N. Pandis, C.I. Davidson, J.L. Jaffrezo, J.E. Dibb, A.G. Russell, and H.D. Kuhns. 1996. Modeling of the processing and removal of trace gas and aerosol species by Arctic radation fogs and comparison with measurements. Journal of Geophysical Research 101:14465-14478. Bergin, M.H., C.I. Davidson, J.E. Dibb, J.L. Jaffrezo, H.D. Huhns, and S.N. Pandis. 1995. A simple model to estimate atmospheric concentrations of aerosol chemical species based on snow core chemistry at Summit, Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters 22:3517-3520. Bergin, M.H., J.L. Jaffrezo, C.I. Davidson, J.E. Dibb, S.N. Pandis, R. Hillamo, W. Maenhaut, H.D. Kuhns, and T. Makela. 1995. The contributions of snow, fog, and dry deposition to the summer flux of anions and cations at Summit, Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research 100:16275-16288. Legrand, M.R., and M. De Angelis. 1995. Origins and variations of light carboxylic acids in polar precipitation. Journal of Geophysical Research 100:1445-1462. Dibb, J.E., R.W. Talbot, and M.H. Bergin. 1994. Soluable acidic species in air and snow at Summit, Greenland. Geophysical Research Letters 21:1627 1630. Jaffrezo, J.L., C.I. Davidson, M.R. Legrand, and J.E. Dibb. 1994. Sulfate and MSA in the air and snow on the Greenland ice sheet. Journal of Geophysical Research 99:1241-1253. DATA DESCRIPTION: The data in the following tables are the measured aerosol concentrations from the atmospheric sampling site (ATM) during the 1993 and 1994 summer field seasons. The concentrations are in units of nanomole per cubic meter. The times in the tables are expressed as local Greenland time (i.e. Greenwich Mean Time - 2 hrs). Aerosol filter sampling was conducted during the summers of 1993 and 1994 at the solar powered remote atmospheric sampling site located 28 km southwest of the GISP2 camp (72.58N, 38.46W, 3205 m) in 1993 and 10 km southwest of the GISP2 site in 1994. Particles were collected on 90 mm Teflon Zefluor filters (1 mm pore size). The filter holders were open faced and covered with a large polyethylene bucket to prevent the collection of snow on the filter. Vacuum pumps were located in a trench beneath the surface. Airflow was measured using a Rockwell gas meter. The filters were run for approximately 16 hours each day during routine sampling periods excluding episodes of fog. During intensive sampling periods filters were changed every eight hours. In all cases, the flow rate was approximately 85 l min-1. All handling of the filters was done by personnel wearing clean room garb and shoulder length plastic gloves. Filters were removed from the filter holders in the field and stored in airtight Pyrex bottles. All filters were kept frozen until analysis at the Laboratoire de Glaciologie et Geophysique de l'Environement (LGGE) in Grenoble, France. In order to minimize the evaporation of volatile aerosols on the filter, extraction took place in a clean hood in a cold room at -12o C. First, 1.0 ml of ultra pure methanol was added to the bottle to wet the filter. Then 9.0 ml of deionized water were added to the bottle to dissolve the soluble particles. Secondary extractions were run on 5 of the 155 filters from the 1994 field season. The average efficiency of the primary extraction was determined to be 93% based on the amount of soluble ions in the secondary extraction. The filter extracts were analyzed by ion chromatography for fluoride, lactate, acetate, glycolate, formate, methane sulfonate, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, oxalate, sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, and calcium by ion chromatography. Detection limits for all three chemical species were calculated as 3 times the standard deviation of the amount of material on the field blanks divided by the volume of air drawn through each filter. While each filter sample had its own detection limits based on the filtered air volume, the mean aerosol concentration detection limits for 1993 and 1994 are summarized in the detection limit table. The atmospheric concentrations were calculated by subtracting the mean chemical mass on the blank filters from the mass on the sample filter. Average Detection Limits (nmol/m^3) --------------------------------------------------- Year MSA NO3 SO4 Na NH4 K Mg Ca 1993 0.004 0.08 0.03 0.1 1.4 0.04 0.13 0.09 1994 0.014 0.33 0.13 1.2 0.5 0.12 0.02 0.16 ---------------------------------------------------- DATA: Date Aerosol Concentrations (nmol/m^3) Start Time Stop Time MSA NO3 SO4 Na NH4 K Mg Ca 5/25/93 9:15 5/25/93 19:55 0.010 1.490 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/27/93 8:50 5/27/93 18:00 0.088 1.970 1.010 2.530 0.054 0.365 999999 999999 5/28/93 9:10 5/28/93 22:40 0.060 0.408 4.310 1.400 3.760 0.128 0.185 0.973 5/29/93 9:00 5/29/93 22:25 0.115 0.274 4.790 4.730 0.085 0.198 0.743 999999 5/30/93 9:00 5/30/93 23:00 0.046 1.200 8.650 8.340 0.272 0.514 1.650 999999 5/31/93 8:00 5/31/93 23:12 0.055 1.200 11.700 0.904 9.270 0.179 0.683 2.250 6/1/93 8:00 6/1/93 21:48 0.032 1.570 8.060 1.200 7.870 0.249 0.770 2.390 6/2/93 7:40 6/2/93 22:18 0.029 2.530 10.000 1.800 7.330 0.249 0.774 2.650 6/3/93 8:10 6/3/93 21:48 0.022 1.150 6.880 2.700 7.590 0.149 0.539 2.270 6/4/93 9:07 6/4/93 21:50 0.037 2.000 9.470 1.890 10.700 0.203 0.621 2.620 6/5/93 8:33 6/5/93 23:08 0.033 1.380 8.220 3.130 9.780 0.146 0.473 2.390 6/6/93 8:50 6/6/93 23:15 0.036 1.560 7.970 4.780 7.260 0.108 0.687 1.770 6/7/93 9:20 6/7/93 23:00 0.049 1.360 8.010 3.300 7.670 0.179 0.675 2.260 6/8/93 9:00 6/8/93 23:30 0.043 0.968 6.110 1.770 5.140 0.097 0.436 1.700 6/9/93 10:35 6/9/93 23:15 0.058 0.535 3.630 4.330 0.074 0.169 0.658 999999 6/10/93 7:50 6/10/93 22:50 0.042 0.479 3.610 3.080 0.128 0.578 999999 999999 6/11/93 8:55 6/11/93 23:30 0.034 0.663 3.720 3.110 0.284 0.513 999999 999999 6/12/93 8:45 6/12/93 23:00 0.040 1.000 4.660 3.160 0.975 0.973 999999 999999 6/13/93 8:35 6/13/93 22:55 0.024 0.495 3.600 2.410 0.399 0.523 999999 999999 6/14/93 8:50 6/14/93 22:25 0.019 0.516 3.660 2.320 0.462 0.263 999999 999999 6/15/93 8:27 6/15/93 21:55 0.035 0.234 4.010 3.590 0.051 0.156 0.578 999999 6/17/93 8:30 6/17/93 23:30 0.029 0.102 3.720 0.683 3.160 0.077 0.148 0.420 6/18/93 8:45 6/19/93 1:00 0.192 0.060 0.990 1.400 0.118 999999 999999 999999 6/19/93 8:40 6/19/93 22:10 0.053 2.040 2.020 0.215 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/20/93 8:10 6/20/93 20:30 0.075 1.540 2.490 0.091 0.205 999999 999999 999999 6/21/93 9:10 6/21/93 22:15 0.057 1.250 1.910 0.065 0.265 999999 999999 999999 6/22/93 8:10 6/23/93 0:15 0.071 0.116 3.290 2.620 0.044 0.136 0.330 999999 6/23/93 8:25 6/23/93 21:50 0.050 0.121 7.080 5.210 0.305 0.090 0.338 999999 6/24/93 6:39 6/24/93 21:20 0.071 3.340 7.460 0.615 0.435 999999 999999 999999 6/25/93 9:05 6/25/93 23:40 0.046 4.260 2.710 0.085 0.067 0.168 999999 999999 6/26/93 9:00 6/26/93 20:45 0.184 6.470 2.830 0.085 0.564 0.318 999999 999999 6/27/93 10:00 6/27/93 23:25 0.095 4.050 1.530 2.410 0.044 0.272 0.253 999999 6/28/93 8:30 6/28/93 22:15 0.174 3.310 1.770 0.243 0.148 999999 999999 999999 6/29/93 8:45 6/29/93 22:55 0.159 1.160 0.928 0.140 0.058 999999 999999 999999 6/30/93 8:35 6/30/93 23:05 0.281 1.560 0.933 0.156 0.169 999999 999999 999999 7/1/93 8:35 7/1/93 23:25 0.054 0.281 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/2/93 8:25 7/2/93 21:00 0.136 1.420 1.360 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/3/93 8:15 7/3/93 22:50 0.056 0.750 0.906 0.041 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/4/93 8:30 7/4/93 11:20 0.175 0.760 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/5/93 9:40 7/6/93 0:15 0.010 0.058 1.610 1.330 0.678 0.049 0.111 999999 7/6/93 7:45 7/6/93 21:30 0.014 0.646 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/7/93 8:30 7/7/93 23:40 0.017 0.126 5.880 1.140 3.340 0.072 0.095 0.158 7/8/93 8:55 7/8/93 22:10 0.021 0.147 5.090 2.680 0.128 0.407 0.163 999999 7/9/93 9:30 7/9/93 20:00 0.01 0.06 2.90 1.34 0.06 0.23 0.07 999999 7/10/93 8:35 7/10/93 22:10 0.02 0.12 5.72 1.76 0.17 0.40 0.22 999999 7/11/93 9:10 7/11/93 22:15 0.01 3.02 0.98 0.06 0.19 0.08 999999 999999 7/12/93 8:15 7/12/93 23:35 0.02 2.51 0.63 0.06 0.13 999999 999999 999999 7/13/93 8:45 7/13/93 22:15 0.01 0.06 2.20 0.03 0.07 999999 999999 999999 5/8/94 8:45 5/8/94 22:15 0.13 0.37 9.15 1.42 0.50 0.12 0.08 0.23 5/9/94 8:15 5/9/94 22:45 0.12 0.31 6.10 4.09 0.06 0.26 999999 999999 5/10/94 9:10 5/10/94 22:30 0.19 1.57 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/11/94 9:30 5/11/94 21:00 0.18 0.26 1.34 0.69 0.06 0.13 999999 999999 5/12/94 8:45 5/12/94 23:30 0.16 0.91 4.65 0.87 2.69 0.07 0.18 1.03 5/13/94 9:10 5/13/94 22:50 0.20 1.78 2.86 0.13 0.30 1.38 999999 999999 5/14/94 8:35 5/14/94 20:25 0.08 2.31 1.26 0.08 0.21 999999 999999 999999 5/15/94 8:35 5/15/94 22:40 0.06 1.37 0.82 0.04 0.17 999999 999999 999999 5/16/94 9:30 5/16/94 22:45 0.03 0.43 2.86 1.88 0.08 0.34 999999 999999 5/17/94 7:40 5/17/94 22:45 0.40 0.44 19.70 8.38 0.12 0.30 0.69 999999 5/18/94 7:45 5/18/94 22:45 0.20 1.20 0.74 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/19/94 8:10 5/19/94 22:45 0.34 1.39 0.61 0.03 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/20/94 8:30 5/20/94 22:15 0.03 1.70 1.24 0.02 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/21/94 8:00 5/21/94 22:50 0.04 0.18 3.97 2.77 0.09 0.08 0.24 999999 5/22/94 8:40 5/22/94 22:45 0.09 0.96 8.02 1.72 3.76 0.35 0.24 0.74 5/23/94 8:30 5/23/94 23:55 0.65 4.44 1.77 0.08 0.28 999999 999999 999999 5/24/94 8:35 5/24/94 21:40 0.78 6.33 2.79 0.21 0.11 0.46 999999 999999 5/25/94 8:40 5/25/94 23:00 0.01 1.03 9.84 4.75 0.23 0.75 999999 999999 5/26/94 8:00 5/26/94 21:45 0.02 1.04 7.59 4.41 0.17 0.25 0.96 999999 5/27/94 7:00 5/27/94 22:45 0.03 1.11 7.53 4.09 0.17 0.28 0.99 999999 5/28/94 8:10 5/28/94 15:45 0.10 0.47 3.53 2.42 0.16 0.10 0.31 999999 5/28/94 16:20 5/28/94 20:55 0.10 2.45 2.32 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/29/94 0:10 5/29/94 8:20 0.06 1.22 1.34 0.02 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/29/94 9:45 5/29/94 16:15 0.05 1.01 0.86 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/29/94 16:45 5/29/94 23:55 0.03 0.82 0.85 0.19 999999 999999 999999 999999 5/30/94 0:15 5/30/94 23:55 0.06 1.84 1.14 0.05 0.12 999999 999999 999999 5/31/94 8:35 5/31/94 23:10 0.05 0.57 3.08 2.01 0.09 0.20 999999 999999 6/1/94 8:35 6/1/94 23:00 0.12 0.41 3.81 2.81 0.14 0.08 0.21 999999 6/2/94 9:10 6/3/94 0:30 0.11 0.62 6.16 4.61 0.14 0.12 0.36 999999 6/3/94 8:50 6/3/94 23:50 0.09 0.57 4.55 3.73 0.15 0.09 0.32 999999 6/4/94 8:45 6/4/94 23:15 0.04 0.48 4.67 3.87 0.16 0.11 0.25 999999 6/5/94 9:00 6/5/94 23:15 0.04 0.42 3.81 3.36 0.13 0.10 0.23 999999 6/6/94 8:40 6/7/94 0:30 0.21 0.36 3.24 2.18 0.11 0.09 0.23 999999 6/7/94 8:25 6/7/94 23:30 0.13 0.47 3.35 2.49 0.09 0.37 999999 999999 6/8/94 9:05 6/8/94 23:55 0.26 2.44 1.50 0.05 0.15 999999 999999 999999 6/9/94 6:10 6/9/94 15:50 0.14 0.45 3.40 2.78 0.08 999999 999999 999999 6/9/94 16:15 6/9/94 23:40 0.13 0.51 3.65 2.99 0.09 0.28 999999 999999 6/10/94 0:05 6/10/94 7:50 0.11 0.89 3.28 2.85 0.05 999999 999999 999999 6/10/94 8:10 6/10/94 16:05 0.14 3.07 2.69 0.07 0.25 999999 999999 999999 6/10/94 16:30 6/10/94 23:50 0.17 0.79 3.44 3.08 0.08 999999 999999 999999 6/11/94 0:15 6/11/94 8:00 0.17 3.99 2.91 0.08 0.39 999999 999999 999999 6/11/94 8:20 6/11/94 16:00 0.10 0.67 2.45 1.87 0.06 999999 999999 999999 6/11/94 16:25 6/11/94 23:58 0.07 0.49 2.30 1.89 0.09 0.26 999999 999999 6/12/94 0:15 6/12/94 7:55 0.10 1.90 1.32 0.05 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/12/94 8:20 6/12/94 16:00 0.16 1.91 1.24 0.03 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/12/94 16:35 6/13/94 0:10 0.23 1.94 1.32 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/13/94 0:55 6/13/94 11:10 0.16 1.67 1.03 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/13/94 15:55 6/13/94 23:01 0.16 1.90 0.83 0.04 0.11 999999 999999 999999 6/14/94 8:25 6/14/94 23:19 0.14 2.16 1.19 0.03 0.12 999999 999999 999999 6/15/94 8:40 6/15/94 23:00 0.05 3.05 2.57 0.06 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/16/94 8:45 6/16/94 23:30 0.02 2.10 1.52 0.02 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/17/94 8:20 6/17/94 22:40 0.03 0.67 0.45 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/18/94 9:10 6/18/94 23:10 0.08 1.31 1.20 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/19/94 9:00 6/19/94 21:22 0.03 2.20 1.64 0.04 0.27 999999 999999 999999 6/20/94 9:25 6/20/94 23:28 0.06 1.15 0.83 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/21/94 8:54 6/21/94 23:00 0.08 0.20 2.02 1.00 0.03 0.15 999999 999999 6/22/94 8:55 6/22/94 21:25 0.04 1.07 1.15 0.70 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/23/94 8:15 6/23/94 22:05 0.02 1.14 0.53 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/24/94 8:40 6/24/94 23:20 0.02 1.20 1.02 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/25/94 9:40 6/25/94 23:30 0.78 0.66 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/26/94 8:58 6/26/94 23:07 0.98 0.99 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/27/94 8:48 6/27/94 21:25 0.24 5.99 4.03 3.07 1.26 0.10 0.42 999999 6/28/94 8:30 6/28/94 22:00 0.06 2.31 3.33 1.66 0.03 999999 999999 999999 6/29/94 8:20 6/29/94 15:50 0.04 0.79 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/29/94 16:15 6/30/94 0:30 0.04 0.97 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/30/94 0:55 6/30/94 8:05 0.49 5.36 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/30/94 9:00 6/30/94 16:00 0.07 1.42 4.60 1.50 999999 999999 999999 999999 6/30/94 16:30 7/1/94 0:55 0.10 1.06 6.18 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/1/94 1:15 7/1/94 8:00 0.10 1.06 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/1/94 8:30 7/1/94 16:00 0.14 1.31 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/1/94 16:30 7/2/94 0:07 0.08 0.73 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/2/94 11:00 7/2/94 23:12 0.04 1.76 2.07 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/3/94 10:50 7/4/94 0:06 0.06 0.30 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/4/94 8:51 7/4/94 22:25 0.12 1.01 0.60 0.18 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/5/94 8:40 7/5/94 23:30 2.81 1.55 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/6/94 8:35 7/6/94 22:05 1.70 2.80 1.36 0.04 0.37 999999 999999 999999 7/7/94 9:00 7/7/94 23:00 0.24 2.45 1.52 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/8/94 9:40 7/8/94 22:15 0.81 2.28 1.75 0.15 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/9/94 8:15 7/9/94 23:30 0.30 1.39 1.93 0.98 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/10/94 8:30 7/10/94 23:20 1.08 1.41 0.71 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/11/94 8:20 7/11/94 15:20 0.16 2.33 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/12/94 8:20 7/12/94 23:18 0.07 1.05 1.32 4.76 0.99 0.93 999999 999999 7/13/94 15:00 7/13/94 23:20 0.08 1.66 2.18 2.36 0.32 999999 999999 999999 7/14/94 8:30 7/14/94 23:20 0.10 1.75 3.61 0.20 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/15/94 8:45 7/15/94 22:40 0.14 2.23 5.59 0.40 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/16/94 8:20 7/17/94 0:20 0.06 0.20 2.55 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/18/94 10:55 7/18/94 22:55 0.75 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/19/94 8:10 7/20/94 1:45 0.06 1.09 0.85 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/20/94 9:35 7/20/94 23:30 0.11 1.27 2.14 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/21/94 8:20 7/22/94 2:05 0.07 0.88 1.57 1.50 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/22/94 8:40 7/23/94 0:15 0.32 1.07 0.63 1.50 0.23 0.07 999999 999999 7/23/94 8:35 7/24/94 0:14 0.05 1.42 3.10 0.25 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/24/94 13:30 7/24/94 23:00 0.03 0.25 1.46 1.94 2.31 0.42 999999 999999 7/25/94 8:50 7/25/94 23:15 0.03 0.15 0.90 0.68 1.52 0.27 999999 999999 7/26/94 8:45 7/27/94 1:30 0.02 0.64 1.25 2.56 0.56 0.07 999999 999999 7/27/94 11:50 7/27/94 22:35 0.04 0.53 1.49 1.96 0.45 999999 999999 999999 7/28/94 8:45 7/28/94 22:25 0.05 0.77 1.31 1.03 0.56 0.10 999999 999999 7/29/94 8:05 7/29/94 22:45 0.05 1.39 1.09 0.07 999999 999999 999999 999999 7/30/94 8:40 7/30/94 22:10 0.09 0.21 1.27 1.05 0.68 0.23 999999 999999 7/31/94 9:20 7/31/94 23:50 0.24 1.90 0.89 0.09 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/1/94 8:50 8/1/94 21:38 0.09 0.96 0.95 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/2/94 8:50 8/2/94 22:33 0.15 1.51 3.12 0.12 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/3/94 9:40 8/4/94 8:20 0.14 1.01 1.36 0.10 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/4/94 8:55 8/4/94 23:00 0.46 1.59 1.40 0.13 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/5/94 9:25 8/5/94 22:20 0.21 8.88 3.69 25.20 2.88 0.01 0.34 999999 8/6/94 9:22 8/7/94 9:35 0.14 0.77 0.79 0.14 0.05 999999 999999 999999 8/7/94 9:50 8/8/94 0:05 0.27 0.84 0.56 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/8/94 10:10 8/8/94 22:35 0.24 0.97 0.84 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/9/94 9:00 8/9/94 22:04 0.21 0.94 0.74 0.12 999999 999999 999999 999999 8/10/94 6:42 8/11/94 1:20 1.10 0.98 0.09 999999 999999 999999 999999 999999