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    <gco:CharacterString>STUDY NOTES: In this study we investigated the long-term impacts of environmental variability on coral physiology and reef development in the TEP to ascertain the climatic, oceanographic, and biotic controls on ecosystem state in the past. We quantified the range of environmental conditions that corals experienced during the past ~6750 years to determine if significant changes in climate or oceanography were associated with changes in coral physiology or reef accretion. Our paleoclimatic reconstructions are based on temperature calibrations for Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopes (d18O) using modern Pocillopora damicornis colonies from Contadora. We measured bulk geochemistry from Pocillopora coral skeletons in the core to to reconstruct (i) paleotemperature and paleosalinity from Sr/Ca and d18O, (ii) oceanic paleoproductivity (upwelling) primarily from the local reservoir correction DeltaR (=Delta14C), and to a lesser extent Ba/Ca, and (iii) coral physiology from d13C and B/Ca. Keywords: climate, oceanography, and upwelling 
ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Climate change is now the leading cause of coral-reef degradation and is altering the adaptive landscape of coral populations. Increasing sea temperatures and declining carbonate saturation states are inhibiting short-term rates of coral calcification, carbonate precipitation, and submarine cementation. A critical challenge to coral-reef conservation is understanding the mechanisms by which environmental perturbations scale up to influence long-term rates of reef-framework construction and ecosystem function. Here we reconstruct climatic and oceanographic variability using corals sampled from a 6750-year core from Pacific Panamá. Simultaneous reconstructions of coral paleophysiology and reef accretion allowed us to identify the climatic and biotic thresholds associated with a 2500-year hiatus in vertical accretion beginning ~4100 years ago. Stronger upwelling, cooler sea temperatures and greater precipitation—indicators of La Niña-like conditions—were closely associated with abrupt reef-shutdown. The physiological condition of the corals deteriorated at the onset of the hiatus, corroborating theoretical predictions that the tipping points of radical ecosystem transitions should be manifested sublethally in the biotic constituents. Future climate change could cause similar threshold behaviors, leading to another shutdown in reef development in the tropical eastern Pacific.</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17915</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Web Browser</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Study Page</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>Study page with dataset access information.</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="search">search</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Information</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Coral Page</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>General information for this data type.</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2015/toth2015-mod.txt</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Download</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>/coral/east_pacific/toth2015/toth2015-mod.txt</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>Coral</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="download">download</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2015/toth2015-mod-sw.txt</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Download</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>/coral/east_pacific/toth2015/toth2015-mod-sw.txt</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>Coral</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="download">download</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2015/toth2015-holocene.txt</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Download</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>/coral/east_pacific/toth2015/toth2015-holocene.txt</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>Coral</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="download">download</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
      </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
     </gmd:distributorTransferOptions>
    </gmd:MD_Distributor>
   </gmd:distributor>
  </gmd:MD_Distribution>
 </gmd:distributionInfo>
 <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
  <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
   <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="asNeeded">asNeeded</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
   </gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
   <gmd:maintenanceNote>
    <gco:CharacterString>This metadata record was translated from DIF using dif-9x-to-iso-19115-2.xsl Version: 2018-10-25</gco:CharacterString>
   </gmd:maintenanceNote>
  </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
 </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>