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    <gco:CharacterString>STUDY NOTES: The reconstruction of May-July temperatures for Koszeg, Hungary, is based on documentary evidence of vine and cereal cultivation and taxation processes. Town council meeting protocols, tithe (church) tax accounts and the Book of Vinesprouts provide regular information every year on the beginning and end (harvest) of grapevine ripening and the harvest date-connected starting dates of tax collections, both concerning wine and cereals (mainly wheat, partly rye). Annual wine quality information was also included in the form of indices (5-scale). Since all data, included in the reconstruction, refers to a period well after introducing the Gregorian Calendar in the area, no dating-adjustment or transformation was needed. As the five phenological series are on different scales (dates vs. indices), they were first standardized to z-scores (zero mean and unit standard deviation) relative to the 1780-1847 most replicated period. These transformed series were then averaged together. Unlike the raw phenological series, the composite record is normally distributed, and could be used as a predictor variable for ordinary least square regression-based calibration. Location: Koszeg, Hungary: 47°23&apos;N, 16°32&apos;E. 
ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: The reconstructed series concerning the period of 1618-1873, based on five vine- and grain-related historical phenological series, is derived from documentary evidence, from the town of Koszeg in West-Hungary. We apply dendrochronological methods for both signal assessment of the phenological series and the resultant temperature reconstruction. As a proof of concept, the present reconstruction explains 57% of the temperature variance of May-July Budapest mean temperatures (calibration period: 1780-1873) and is well verified with coefficient of efficiency values in excess of 0.45. The developed temperature reconstruction portrays warm conditions during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries with a period of cooling until the coldest reconstructed period centred around 1815, which was followed by a period of warming until the 1860s. The phenological evidence analysed here represent an important data source from which non-biased estimates of past climate can be derived that may provide information at all possible time-scales. Comparison with other Central and West-European vine- and grain-phenology based temperature reconstructions proved strong coherence between the series.</gco:CharacterString>
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