noaa-recon-12034 eng; USA utf8 dataset Bauer, Bruce DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce +1 303-497-6280 +1 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/CC23 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact 2018-12-11 ISO 19115-2 Geographic Information - Metadata - Part 2: Extensions for Imagery and Gridded Data ISO 19115-2:2009(E) NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - MARGO Project Last Glacial Maximum SST Reconstructions 2010-03-01 publication noaa-recon-12034 NCEI DSI 1200_01 Waelbroeck, C. originator Waelbroeck, C. author NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information publisher tableDigital This archived Paleoclimatology Study is available from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), under the World Data Service (WDS) for Paleoclimatology. The associated NCEI study type is Climate Reconstruction. The data include parameters of climate reconstructions|paleoceanography with a geographic location of Global. The time period coverage is from 23000 to 19000 in calendar years before present (BP). See metadata information for parameter and study location details. Please cite this study when using the data. Records of past temperature, precipitation, and other climate variables derived from paleoclimate proxies. Parameter keywords describe what was measured in this data set. Additional summary information can be found in the abstracts of papers listed in the data set citations. completed Bauer, Bruce DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce +1 303-497-6280 +1 303-497-6513 325 Broadway, E/CC23 Boulder CO 80305-3328 USA paleo@noaa.gov pointOfContact https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/c/images/pc-default-recon.png Paleoclimatology - Climate Reconstruction PNG Earth Science > Climate Indicators > Paleoclimate Indicators > Paleoclimate Reconstructions theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2018 revision Version 8.6 Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords HTTPS Web Browser Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. 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climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > climate reconstructions|paleoceanography earth science > paleoclimate > reconstructions > sea surface temperature theme Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords 2018 revision Version 8.6 Global Change Data Center, Science and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) https://earthdata.nasa.gov/about/gcmd/global-change-master-directory-gcmd-keywords HTTPS Web Browser Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Keywords The information provided on this page seeks to define how the GCMD Keywords are structured, used and accessed. It also provides information on how users can participate in the further development of the keywords. information publisher Last Glacial Maximum Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction theme Geographic Region > Global> Global > LATITUDE > LONGITUDE place otherRestrictions Cite as: Waelbroeck, C. (2010-03-01): NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology - MARGO Project Last Glacial Maximum SST Reconstructions. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12034. Accessed [date]. otherRestrictions Distribution liability: NOAA and NCEI make no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding these data, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. If appropriate, NCEI can only certify that the data it distributes are an authentic copy of the records that were accepted for inclusion in the NCEI archives. otherRestrictions Use liability: NOAA and NCEI cannot provide any warranty as to the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of furnished data. Users assume responsibility to determine the usability of these data. The user is responsible for the results of any application of this data for other than its intended purpose. otherRestrictions None otherRestrictions Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site. eng; USA geoscientificInformation Date Range: 23000 cal yr BP to 19000 cal yr BP; -180 180 -90 90 -21050 -17050 STUDY NOTES: An updated synthesis of sea surface temperature reconstructions at the Last Glacial Maximum (23 - 19 KYrBP), from the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface (MARGO) project. Microfossil and geochemical reconstructions of SST are included, plus assessments of the reliability of individual records. These data are also archived at PANGEA: http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.733406 MARGO Project Members: C. Waelbroeck, A. Paul, M. Kucera, A. Rosell-Melé, M. Weinelt, R. Schneider, A.C. Mix, A. Abelmann, L. Armand, E. Bard, S. Barker, T.T. Barrows, H. Benway, I. Cacho, M.-T. Chen, E. Cortijo, X. Crosta, A. de Vernal, T. Dokken, J. Duprat, H. Elderfield, F. Eynaud, R. Gersonde, A. Hayes, M. Henry, C. Hillaire-Marcel, C.-C. Huang, E. Jansen, S. Juggins, N. Kallel, T. Kiefer, M. Kienast, L. Labeyrie, H. Leclaire, L. Londeix, S. Mangin, J. Matthiessen, F. Marret, M. Meland, A.E. Morey, S. Mulitza, U. Pflaumann, N.G. Pisias, T. Radi, A. Rochon, E.J. Rohling, L. Sbaffi, C. Schäfer-Neth, S. Solignac, H. Spero, K. Tachikawa, and J.-L. Turon. NGS-2008-09-00905 Supplementay Information Definition of the quality flags used in the computation of the mean reliability index. 1. Quality flag for number of samples, qnum qnum = 1 when the number of samples within the LGM interval is > 4 = 2 when the number of samples within the LGM interval is 2 to 4 = 3 when there is only 1 sample within the LGM interval 2. SST reconstruction reliability flag, qrel 2.a. Planktonic foraminifera abundances qrel = 1 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques < 2°C = 2 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques is 2 to 4°C = 3 when the maximum difference in SST estimates among the 4 techniques > 4°C or when samples are dominated by only one species (relative abundance > 95%) 2.b. Diatoms and radiolarians abundances The full definition is given in 1. It can be summarized as follows. For Imbrie and Kipp2 derived SST estimates based on diatom and radiolarian assemblages three quality levels have been defined using the communality value obtained for the downcore samples. qrel = 1 communality >0.8. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between radiolarian and diatom based estimate <1.5°C = 2 communality = 0.7 to 0.8. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between radiolarian and diatom based estimate <1.5°C = 3 communality <0.7. For diatom estimates only: SST difference between radiolarian and diatom based estimate > 1.5°C For Modern Analog Technique3 derived estimates of SST and sea ice extent based on the diatom record three quality levels have been defined taking into account the dissimilarity index. qrel = 1 dissimilarity < 0.1 = 2 dissimilarity = 0.1 to 0.2 = 3 dissimilarity = 0.2 to 0.25 Samples with dissimilarity values above 0.25 indicate no-analog situations and have been discarded. 2.c. Dinoflagellate cysts abundances The full definition is given in 4. It can be summarized as follows. qrel = 1 distance between sample and best analog < 37 = 2 distance between sample and best analog = 37 to 74 = 3 distance between sample and best analog > 74 2.d. Alkenones unsaturation ratio qrel = 3 for core depths shallower than 100m, or sites with present day annual mean SST higher than 28.5°C, or colder than 4°C = 2 for core depths shallower than 1000m, or Mediterranean Sea sites, or sites with present day annual mean SST higher than 27.5°C = 1 in other cases 2.e. Planktonic foraminifera Mg/Ca qrel = 1 for near-surface dwelling species (G. ruber, G. sacculifer, N. pachyderma s.) AND core depth shallower than 3000m in Atlantic or shallower than 2000m elsewhere = 2 for non-near surface dwelling species OR core depth larger than 3000m in Atlantic or larger than 2000m elsewhere = 3 for non-near surface dwelling species AND core depth larger than 3000m in Atlantic or larger than 2000m elsewhere DATA: Supplementary data tables S1 through S9, archived in text and Excel format. Data files archived at WDC Paleo and PANGEA: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/margo2009/ http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.733406 Table S1. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean annual SST anomalies (modern - LGM) for key regions. Table S2. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere winter SST anomalies (modern - LGM) for Southern Ocean key regions. Table S3. Diatoms-based LGM SST anomalies. The file header contains a description of the columns content. All SST proxies in the MARGO compilation have been calibrated to pre-1998 long-term average SST (ref.7) and the LGM SST anomalies are here calculated as the differences between WOA98 climatology (ref.5) and the reconstructed values. Table S4. Radiolarians-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. Table S5. Dinocysts-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. Table S6. Foraminifera-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. Table S7. Alkenone-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. Table S8. Mg/Ca-based LGM SST anomalies. As in Table S1. Table S9. 5°x5° block weighted mean values. The file header contains a description of the columns content. By convention (International Hydrographic Bureau 1953), the meridian of Cape Agulhas (20°E) was taken as the boundary between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the meridian of the southern cape of Tasmania (147°E) was taken as the boundary between the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the meridian of Cape Horn (68°W) was taken as the boundary between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean were included in the Atlantic Ocean. Supplementary figures, archived in PDF format. Fig. S1. Map of reconstructed minimum LGM SST anomalies. Anomalies are computed as LGM - WOA985 values. (a) Northern hemisphere summer (July-August-September). (b) Northern hemisphere winter (January-February-March). (c) Annual mean. Symbols show the location and proxy-type of the original available data (see Fig. 1). Note the uneven spacing of the diverging colour scheme 6 and isotherms. Fig. S2. Map of reconstructed maximum LGM SST anomalies. (a), (b), (c) As in Figure S1. Fig. S3. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean annual SST anomalies (modern - LGM). Fig. S4. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere winter SST anomalies (modern - LGM). Fig. S5. Comparison of MARGO and PMIP2 mean northern hemisphere summer SST anomalies (modern - LGM). ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Observation-based reconstructions of sea surface temperature from relatively stable periods in the past, such as the Last Glacial Maximum, represent an important means of constraining climate sensitivity and evaluating model simulations. The first quantitative global reconstruction of sea surface temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum was developed by the Climate Long-Range Investigation, Mapping and Prediction (CLIMAP) project in the 1970s and 1980s. Since that time, several shortcomings of that earlier effort have become apparent. Here we present an updated synthesis of sea surface temperatures during the Last Glacial Maximum, rigorously defined as the period between 23 and 19 thousand years before present, from the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean Surface (MARGO) project. We integrate microfossil and geochemical reconstructions of surface temperatures and include assessments of the reliability of individual records. Our reconstruction reveals the presence of large longitudinal gradients in sea surface temperature in all of the ocean basins, in contrast to the simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum climate available at present. 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