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ABSTRACT SUPPLIED BY ORIGINATOR: Explosive volcanism can alter global climate, and hence trigger economic, political and demographic change. The climatic impact of the largest volcanic events has been assessed in numerous modelling studies and tree-ring-based hemispheric temperature reconstructions. However, volcanic surface cooling derived from climate model simulations is systematically much stronger than the cooling seen in tree-ring-based proxies, suggesting that the proxies underestimate cooling; and/or the modelled forcing is unrealistically high. Here, we present summer temperature reconstructions for the Northern Hemisphere from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density over the past 1,500 years. We also simulate the climate effects of two large eruptions, in AD 1257 and 1815, using a climate model that accounts explicitly for self-limiting aerosol microphysical processes. Our tree-ring reconstructions show greater cooling than reconstructions with lower spatial coverage and based on tree-ring width alone, whereas our simulations show less cooling than previous simulations relying on poorly constrained eruption seasons and excluding nonlinear aerosol microphysics. Our tree-ring reconstructions and climate simulations are in agreement, with a mean Northern Hemisphere extra-tropical summer cooling over land of 0.8 to 1.3C for these eruptions. This reconciliation of proxy and model evidence paves the way to improved assessment of the role of both past and future volcanism in climate forcing.</gco:CharacterString>
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          <gmd:CI_Address>
           <gmd:deliveryPoint>
            <gco:CharacterString>151 Patton Avenue</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:deliveryPoint>
           <gmd:deliveryPoint>
            <gco:CharacterString>Veach-Baley Federal Building, Room 468</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:deliveryPoint>
           <gmd:city>
            <gco:CharacterString>Asheville</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:city>
           <gmd:administrativeArea>
            <gco:CharacterString>NC</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:administrativeArea>
           <gmd:postalCode>
            <gco:CharacterString>28801-5001</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:postalCode>
           <gmd:country>
            <gco:CharacterString>USA</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:country>
           <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
            <gco:CharacterString>ncei.orders@noaa.gov</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
          </gmd:CI_Address>
         </gmd:address>
         <gmd:onlineResource>
          <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
           <gmd:linkage>
            <gmd:URL>https://www.ncei.noaa.gov</gmd:URL>
           </gmd:linkage>
           <gmd:protocol>
            <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:protocol>
           <gmd:applicationProfile>
            <gco:CharacterString>Web Browser</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:applicationProfile>
           <gmd:name>
            <gco:CharacterString>NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:name>
           <gmd:description>
            <gco:CharacterString>NCEI home page with information, data access and contact information.</gco:CharacterString>
           </gmd:description>
           <gmd:function>
            <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
           </gmd:function>
          </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         </gmd:onlineResource>
         <gmd:hoursOfService>
          <gco:CharacterString>8:00 - 6:00 Eastern</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:hoursOfService>
        </gmd:CI_Contact>
       </gmd:contactInfo>
       <gmd:role>
        <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_RoleCode" codeListValue="distributor">distributor</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
       </gmd:role>
      </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
     </gmd:distributorContact>
     <gmd:distributionOrderProcess>
      <gmd:MD_StandardOrderProcess>
       <gmd:fees>
        <gco:CharacterString>In most cases, electronic downloads of the data are free, however fees may apply for data certifications, copies of analog materials, and data distribution on physical media.</gco:CharacterString>
       </gmd:fees>
      </gmd:MD_StandardOrderProcess>
     </gmd:distributionOrderProcess>
     <gmd:distributorFormat>
      <gmd:MD_Format>
       <gmd:name>
        <gco:CharacterString>Native Format(s)</gco:CharacterString>
       </gmd:name>
       <gmd:version gco:nilReason="missing"></gmd:version>
      </gmd:MD_Format>
     </gmd:distributorFormat>
     <gmd:distributorTransferOptions>
      <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/iso?id=noaa-recon-19039</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Landing Page</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>NCEI landing page for this dataset</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>Dataset landing page with general information and links to access the data.</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19039</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Web Browser</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Study Page</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>Study page with dataset access information.</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="search">search</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-reconstruction</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTPS</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Information</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Climate Reconstruction Page</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>General information for this data type.</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="information">information</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
       <gmd:onLine>
        <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
         <gmd:linkage>
          <gmd:URL>https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/treering/reconstructions/stoffel2015nhtemp.txt</gmd:URL>
         </gmd:linkage>
         <gmd:protocol>
          <gco:CharacterString>HTTP</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:protocol>
         <gmd:applicationProfile>
          <gco:CharacterString>Download</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:applicationProfile>
         <gmd:name>
          <gco:CharacterString>NCEI Direct Download</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:name>
         <gmd:description>
          <gco:CharacterString>Direct download links for dataset files.</gco:CharacterString>
         </gmd:description>
         <gmd:function>
          <gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#CI_OnLineFunctionCode" codeListValue="download">download</gmd:CI_OnLineFunctionCode>
         </gmd:function>
        </gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
       </gmd:onLine>
      </gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
     </gmd:distributorTransferOptions>
    </gmd:MD_Distributor>
   </gmd:distributor>
  </gmd:MD_Distribution>
 </gmd:distributionInfo>
 <gmd:metadataMaintenance>
  <gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
   <gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
    <gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode codeList="https://data.noaa.gov/resources/iso19139/schema/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode" codeListValue="asNeeded">asNeeded</gmd:MD_MaintenanceFrequencyCode>
   </gmd:maintenanceAndUpdateFrequency>
   <gmd:maintenanceNote>
    <gco:CharacterString>This metadata record was translated from DIF using dif-9x-to-iso-19115-2.xsl Version: 2018-10-25</gco:CharacterString>
   </gmd:maintenanceNote>
  </gmd:MD_MaintenanceInformation>
 </gmd:metadataMaintenance>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>