{"NOAAStudyId":"12194","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-09-26","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-12194.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":3899,"earliestYearCE":-1949,"entryId":"noaa-cave-12194","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación","fundingGrant":"CGL2004-01866, CGL2007-60618, CGL2010-21499"}],"investigators":"Martín-Chivelet, J.; Muñoz-García, M.B.; Edwards, R.L.; Turrero, M.J.; Ortega, A.I.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12194","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The surface temperature changes for the last 4000 years in northern \r\ninland Iberia (an area particularly sensitive to climate change) \r\nare determined by a high resolution study of carbon stable isotope \r\nrecords of stalagmites from three caves (Kaite, Cueva del Cobre, \r\nand Cueva Mayor) separated several tens of kilometers away in N Spain. \r\nDespite the local conditions of each cave, the isotopic series show \r\na good overall coherence, and resulted to be strongly sensitive to \r\nsurface temperature changes.  The record reflects alternating warmer \r\nand colder intervals, always within a temperature range of 1.6 °C. \r\nThe timing and duration of the intervals were provided by 43 \r\n230Th-234U (ICP-MS) ages. Main climatic recognized periods are: \r\n(1) 3950-3000 yr BP: warm period punctuated by cool events around \r\n~3950, 3550 and 3250 yr BP; (2) 2850-2500 yr BP cold interval \r\n(Iron Age Cold Period); (3) 2500-1650 yr BP moderate warm period \r\n(Roman Warm Period), with maximum temperatures between 2150 and \r\n1750 yr BP; (4) 1650-1350 yr BP cold interval (Dark Ages Cold Period), \r\nwith a thermal minimum at ~1500 yr BP; (5) 1350-750 yr BP warm period \r\n(Medieval Warm Period) punctuated by two cooler events at ~1250 and \r\n~850 yr BP; (6) 750-100 yr BP cold period (Little Ice Age) with \r\nextremes occurring at 600-500 yr BP, 350-300 yr BP, and 150100 yr BP; \r\nand (7) the last 150 years, characterized by rapid but no linear \r\nwarming (Modern Warming).  Remarkably, the presented records allow \r\ndirect comparison of recent warming with former warm intervals \r\nsuch as the Roman or the Medieval periods. That comparison reveals \r\nthe 20th century as the time with highest surface temperatures \r\nof the last 4000 years for the studied area.  Spectral analysis \r\nof the time series shows consistent climatic cycles of ~400, \r\n~900 and ~1300 yr, comparable with those recognized in the \r\nNorth Atlantic marine record, the Greenland ice cores, and other \r\nterrestrial records for the middle-late Holocene, suggesting common \r\nclimate forcing mechanisms related to changes in solar irradiance \r\nand North Atlantic circulation patterns. \r\n","author":null,"citation":"Martín-Chivelet, J., M.B. Muñoz-García, R.L. Edwards, M.J. Turrero, \r\nand A.I. Ortega. 2011. \r\nLand surface temperature changes in Northern Iberia since 4000 yr BP, \r\nbased on d13C of speleothems. \r\nGlobal and Planetary Change, Vol. 77, Issues 1-2, May 2011, pp. 1-12.  \r\ndoi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.02.002. ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.02.002","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.02.002"},"issue":null,"journal":"Global and Planetary Change","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Land surface temperature changes in Northern Iberia since 4000 yr BP,  based on d13C of speleothems","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"52399","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["43.04","-3.6597"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-3.6597","maxElevationMeters":"860","minElevationMeters":"860","northernmostLatitude":"43.04","southernmostLatitude":"43.04","westernmostLongitude":"-3.6597"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Southern Europe>Spain","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20496","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.txt","linkText":"nspain2011d13ct.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year running mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year running mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized relative to 380-1280 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.xls","linkText":"nspain2011d13ct.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Kaite1","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-1949,"earliestYearBP":3899,"earliestYearCE":-1949,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Kaite Cave"},{"NOAASiteId":"52400","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["42.9872","-4.3728"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-4.3728","maxElevationMeters":"1640","minElevationMeters":"1640","northernmostLatitude":"42.9872","southernmostLatitude":"42.9872","westernmostLongitude":"-4.3728"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Southern Europe>Spain","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20495","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.txt","linkText":"nspain2011d13ct.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year running mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year running mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized relative to 380-1280 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.xls","linkText":"nspain2011d13ct.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Cobre1","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-1949,"earliestYearBP":3899,"earliestYearCE":-1949,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Cueva del Cobre"},{"NOAASiteId":"52401","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["42.3481","-3.5164"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-3.5164","maxElevationMeters":"1020","minElevationMeters":"1020","northernmostLatitude":"42.3481","southernmostLatitude":"42.3481","westernmostLongitude":"-3.5164"}},"locationName":"Continent>Europe>Southern Europe>Spain","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20494","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.txt","linkText":"nspain2011d13ct.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year running mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year running mean","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 13C","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized relative to 380-1280 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/europe/spain/nspain2011d13ct.xls","linkText":"nspain2011d13ct.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Mayor1","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-1949,"earliestYearBP":3899,"earliestYearCE":-1949,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Cueva Mayor"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Northern Spain 4000 Year Stalagmite d13C and Temperature Reconstruction ","studyNotes":"Carbon stable isotope stacked series for the last 4000 years \nderived from three stalagmites of three caves of N Spain \n(Kaite, Cobre, and Cueva Mayor). Age model is based in 43 230Th \nabsolute ages. Analyses for age-dating were conducted at the \nUniversity of Minnesota by means of ICP-MS. Carbon isotope data \nare expressed as absolute deviation values i.e., the absolute \ndifference between that each d13C(V-PDB) value and a reference \nvalue for each stalagmite. This reference value is the average \nd13C of each stalagmite for the time interval between 1570 \nand 670 yr BP - the longest interval of continuous and \nsimultaneous growing of the three stalagmites.  For each \nmeasurement, approximately 100ug of powder sample were drilled \nfrom petrographical thin sections of the axial part of the \nstalagmites, and analyzed with an on-line, automated, carbonate \npreparation system (Kiel III), linked to a Finnigan MAT-252 ratio \nmass spectrometer at the University of Minnesota Isotope Lab. \nThe 13C data is translated into relative temperature estimates \nby means of a transfer function based in cross correlation \nbetween instrumental series of temperatures and d13C values \nin stalagmite SLX1 (estimated error ±0.26 °C). \n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10256"}