{"NOAAStudyId":"13519","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-11-10","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-13519.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1910,"earliestYearCE":40,"entryId":"noaa-cave-13519","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"HSD-0827305, BCS-0940744, EAR-0326902"},{"fundingAgency":"European Research Council","fundingGrant":"240167"},{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"CRSI22-132646/1"},{"fundingAgency":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","fundingGrant":"DFG FOR1380 \"HIMPAC\""},{"fundingAgency":"Alphawood Foundation","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Kennett, D.J.; Breitenbach, S.F.M.; Aquino, V.V.; Asmerom, Y.; Awe, J.; Baldini, J.U.L.; Bartlein, P.J.; Culleton, B.J.; Ebert, C.; Jazwa, C.; Macri, M.J.; Marwan, N.; Polyak, V.J.; Prufer, K.M.; Ridley, H.E.; Sodemann, H.; Winterhalder, B.; Haug, G.H.","mostRecentYearBP":-56,"mostRecentYearCE":2006,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13519","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The role of climate change in the development and demise of Classic Maya civilization (300 to 1000 C.E.) remains controversial because of the absence of well-dated climate and archaeological sequences. We present a precisely dated subannual climate record for the past 2000 years from Yok Balum Cave, Belize. From comparison of this record with historical events compiled from well-dated stone monuments, we propose that anomalously high rainfall favored unprecedented population expansion and the proliferation of political centers between 440 and 660 C.E. This was followed by a drying trend between 660 and 1000 C.E. that triggered the balkanization of polities, increased warfare, and the asynchronous disintegration of polities, followed by population collapse in the context of an extended drought between 1020 and 1100 C.E. ","author":null,"citation":"Kennett, Douglas J., Sebastian F.M. Breitenbach, Valorie V. Aquino, Yemane Asmerom, Jaime Awe, James U.L. Baldini, Patrick Bartlein, Brendan J. Culleton, Claire Ebert, Christopher Jazwa, Martha J. Macri, Norbert Marwan, Victor Polyak, Keith M. Prufer, Harriet E. Ridley, Harald Sodemann, Bruce Winterhalder, Gerald H. Haug. 2012. \r\nDevelopment and Disintegration of Maya Political Systems in Response to Climate Change. \r\nScience, Vol. 338, No. 6108, pp. 788-791, 9-November-2012.\r\nDOI: 10.1126/science.1226299\r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.1226299 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1226299 "},"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Development and Disintegration of Maya Political Systems in Response to Climate Change","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["drought"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"54220","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["16.2086","-89.0735"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-89.0735","maxElevationMeters":"366","minElevationMeters":"366","northernmostLatitude":"16.2086","southernmostLatitude":"16.2086","westernmostLongitude":"-89.0735"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Central America>Belize","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"23221","coreLengthMeters":0,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/belize/yok-balum2012s4isotopes.txt","linkText":"yok-balum2012s4isotopes.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/belize/yok-balum2012s3d18o.txt","linkText":"yok-balum2012s3d18o.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":"one standard deviation lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":"one standard deviation upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/belize/yok-balum2012cariaco-ti.txt","linkText":"yok-balum2012cariaco-ti.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"YOK-I","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":40,"earliestYearBP":1910,"earliestYearCE":40,"mostRecentYear":2006,"mostRecentYearBP":-56,"mostRecentYearCE":2006,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Yok Balum Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Yok Balum Cave, Belize 2000 Year Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data","studyNotes":"The YOK-I stalagmite was collected in June 2006 approximately 50 m from the eastern cave entrance. \nCarbonate was actively precipitating on the tip of this 606.9-mm-long stalagmite when it was harvested. \nForty 230Th dates constrain the age of incremental growth in the upper 444.3 mm of YOK-I (Table S2). \nXRD analysis indicates that the carbonate in the upper 415 mm is pure aragonite and not affected by \nsecondary alteration. The stable isotope climate record presented here therefore comes from the upper 415 mm, \nwhile the lower stalagmite section is less suitable for stable isotope studies and was not included \nin this investigation.\nOver 4,200 d18O and d13C measurements were performed on the upper 415 mm of the YOK-I stalagmite \ndated between 40 BC and AD 2006. These samples were continuously milled at 0.1 mm increments and, \ndepending on growth rate changes in YOK-I, the temporal resolution of the isotopic data fluctuates \nfrom 0.01 and 3.68 yrs/0.1 mm with an average resolution of 0.49 yrs/0.1 mm. The available data \nindicate that fluctuations in rainfall intensity are reflected in the d18O record. \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11560"}