{"NOAAStudyId":"14349","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-05-06","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-14349.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":315,"earliestYearCE":1635,"entryId":"noaa-cave-14349","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Swedish Research Council ","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Sundqvist, H.; Holmgren, K.; Fohlmeister, J.; Zhang, Q.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Spötl, C.; Körnich, H.","mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14349","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"A 350-year-long, well-dated d18O stalagmite record from the summer rainfall region in South Africa is positively correlated with regional air surface temperatures at interannual time scales. The coldest period documented in this record occurred between 1690 and 1740, slightly lagging the Maunder Minimum (1645-1710). A temperature reconstruction, based on the correlation between regional surface temperatures and the stalagmite d18O variations, indicates that parts of this period could have been as much as 1.4°C colder than today. Significant cycles of 22, 11 and 4.8 years demonstrate that the solar magnetic and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle could be important drivers of multidecadal to interannual climate variability in this region. The observation that the most important driver of stalagmite d18O on interannual time scales from this subtropical region is regional surface temperature cautions against deterministic interpretations of d18O variations in low-latitude stalagmites as mainly driven by the amount of precipitation.","author":null,"citation":"H.S. Sundqvist, K. Holmgren, J. Fohlmeister, Q. Zhang, M. Bar Matthews, C. Spötl, and H. Körnich. 2013. \r\nEvidence of a large cooling between 1690 and 1740 AD in southern Africa. Scientific Reports, Vol. 3, 1767.  DOI: 10.1038/srep01767","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/srep01767","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep01767"},"issue":null,"journal":"Scientific Reports","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Evidence of a large cooling between 1690 and 1740 AD in southern Africa","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Little Ice Age (LIA)","Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"6547","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-24.02","29.11"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"29.11","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-24.02","southernmostLatitude":"-24.02","westernmostLongitude":"29.11"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24322","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2013isotopes.txt","linkText":"cold-air-cave2013isotopes.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"ColdAir2013T7iso","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1636,"earliestYearBP":314,"earliestYearCE":1636,"mostRecentYear":1996,"mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24323","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>other"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2013temperature.txt","linkText":"cold-air-cave2013temperature.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomaly from 1961-1990 AD, 5 year smoothed\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomaly from 1961-1990 AD, 5 year smoothed\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>air temperature>surface air temperature"}]}],"dataTableName":"ColdAir2013T7temp","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1635,"earliestYearBP":315,"earliestYearCE":1635,"mostRecentYear":1993,"mostRecentYearBP":-43,"mostRecentYearCE":1993,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Cold Air Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Cold Air Cave, South Africa 350Yr Isotope Data and Temperature Reconstruction","studyNotes":"This dataset contains 350-year stalagmite stable isotope data and 5-yr smoothed annual mean temperature reconstruction \n(deviation from 1961-90 mean, ± 2std error = 0.578082397 degC) from Cold Air Cave in South Africa.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"12330"}