{"NOAAStudyId":"14350","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-05-06","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-14350.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":22111,"earliestYearCE":-20161,"entryId":"noaa-cave-14350","funding":[],"investigators":"Lachniet, M.S.; Asmerom, Y.; Bernal, J.P.; Polyak, V.J.; Vazquéz-Selem, L.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14350","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The dominant controls on global paleomonsoon strength include summer insolation driven by precession cycles, ocean circulation through its influence on atmospheric circulation, and sea-surface temperatures. However, few records from the summer North American Monsoon system are available to test for a synchronous response with other global monsoons to shared forcings. In particular, the monsoon response to widespread atmospheric reorganizations associated with disruptions of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the deglacial period remains unconstrained. Here, we present a high-resolution and radiometrically dated monsoon rainfall reconstruction over the past 22,000 y from speleothems of tropical southwestern Mexico. The data document an active Last Glacial Maximum (18-24 cal ka B.P.) monsoon with similar d18O values to the modern, and that the monsoon collapsed during periods of weakened AMOC during Heinrich stadial 1 (ca. 17 ka) and the Younger Dryas (12.9-11.5 ka). The Holocene was marked by a trend to a weaker monsoon that was paced by orbital insolation. We conclude that the Mesoamerican monsoon responded in concert with other global monsoon regions, and that monsoon strength was driven by variations in the strength and latitudinal position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which was forced by AMOC variations in the North Atlantic Ocean. The surprising observation of an active Last Glacial Maximum monsoon is attributed to an active but shallow AMOC and proximity to the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The emergence of agriculture in southwestern Mexico was likely only possible after monsoon strengthening in the Early Holocene at ca. 11 ka.","author":null,"citation":"Matthew Lachniet, Yemane Asmerom, Juan Pablo Bernal, Victor J. Polyak, and Lorenzo Vazquéz-Selem. 2013. Orbital pacing and ocean circulation-induced collapses of the Mesoamerican monsoon over the past 22,000 y. 2013. \r\nProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, No. 23, pp. 9255-9260, 4 June 2013.\r\nDOI: 10.1073/pnas.1222804110","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1073/pnas.1222804110","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1222804110"},"issue":null,"journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Orbital pacing and ocean circulation-induced collapses of the Mesoamerican monsoon over the past 22,000 y","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Monsoon"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53067","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["17.44","-99.16"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-99.16","maxElevationMeters":"927","minElevationMeters":"927","northernmostLatitude":"17.44","southernmostLatitude":"17.44","westernmostLongitude":"-99.16"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Mexico","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24324","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013.xls","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013jx10.txt","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013jx10.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 2000 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"JX10d18O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":7294,"earliestYearBP":7294,"earliestYearCE":-5344,"mostRecentYear":6958,"mostRecentYearBP":6958,"mostRecentYearCE":-5008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24325","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013.xls","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013jx10swc.txt","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013jx10swc.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 2000 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for ice volume","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"JX10d18Oswc","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":7290,"earliestYearBP":7290,"earliestYearCE":-5340,"mostRecentYear":6960,"mostRecentYearBP":6960,"mostRecentYearCE":-5010,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24326","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013.xls","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013jx2.txt","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013jx2.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 2000 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"JX2d18O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":22111,"earliestYearBP":22111,"earliestYearCE":-20161,"mostRecentYear":11603,"mostRecentYearBP":11603,"mostRecentYearCE":-9653,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24327","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013.xls","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013jx2swc.txt","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013jx2swc.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 2000 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for ice volume","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"JX2d18Oswc","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":22110,"earliestYearBP":22110,"earliestYearCE":-20160,"mostRecentYear":11620,"mostRecentYearBP":11620,"mostRecentYearCE":-9670,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24328","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013.xls","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013jx6.txt","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013jx6.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 2000 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"JX6d18O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":2457,"earliestYearBP":2457,"earliestYearCE":-507,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"24329","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013.xls","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2013jx6swc.txt","linkText":"juxtlahuaca2013jx6swc.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 2000 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for ice volume","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"JX6d18Oswc","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":2450,"earliestYearBP":2450,"earliestYearCE":-500,"mostRecentYear":10,"mostRecentYearBP":10,"mostRecentYearCE":1940,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Juxtlahuaca Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Juxtlahuaca Cave, Mexico 22,000 Year Stalagmite Oxygen Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Oxygen isotope (d18O) data from 3 stalagmites from Juxtlahuaca Cave, Mexico, covering the last 22,000 years. \nData are presented as both raw d18O measurements and d18Oswc (where swc refers to sea-water corrected) used for Figures 1-3 \nin Lachniet et al., 2013 PNAS. 1) The stalagmite d18O values were interpolated to a 10-year resolution 2) and corrected for \nchanges in the d18O value of the ocean according to the reconstruction of Waelbroeck C, et al. (2002) Sea-level and deep water \ntemperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records. Quaternary Science Reviews 21(1-3):295-305","version":"1.0","xmlId":"12331"}