{"NOAAStudyId":"18235","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-03-30","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-18235.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":2172,"earliestYearCE":-222,"entryId":"noaa-cave-18235","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"AGS-1103413, ATM-0703353, EAR-0326902"}],"investigators":"Denniston, R.F.; Villarini, G.; Gonzales, A.N.; Wyrwoll, K-H.; Polyak, V.J.; Ummenhofer, C.C.; Lachniet, M.S.; Wanamaker, A.D.; Humphreys, W.F.; Woods, D.; Cugley, J.","mostRecentYearBP":-36,"mostRecentYearCE":1986,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18235","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Assessing temporal variability in extreme rainfall events before the historical era is complicated by the sparsity of long-term \"direct\" storm proxies. Here we present a 2,200-y-long, accurate, and precisely dated record of cave flooding events from the northwest Australian tropics that we interpret, based on an integrated analysis of meteorological data and sediment layers within stalagmites, as representing a proxy for extreme rainfall events derived primarily from tropical cyclones (TCs) and secondarily from the regional summer monsoon. This time series reveals substantial multicentennial variability in extreme rainfall, with elevated occurrence rates characterizing the twentieth century, 850-1450 CE (Common Era), and 50-400 CE; reduced activity marks 1450-1650 CE and 500-850 CE. These trends are similar to reconstructed numbers of TCs in the North Atlantic and Caribbean basins, and they form temporal and spatial patterns best explained by secular changes in the dominant mode of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the primary driver of modern TC variability. We thus attribute long-term shifts in cyclogenesis in both the central Australian and North Atlantic sectors over the past two millennia to entrenched El Niño or La Niña states of the tropical Pacific. The influence of ENSO on monsoon precipitation in this region of northwest Australia is muted, but ENSO-driven changes to the monsoon may have complemented changes to TC activity.","author":{"name":"Rhawn F. Denniston, Gabriele Villarini, Angelique N. Gonzales, Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll, Victor J. Polyak, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Matthew S. Lachniet, Alan D. Wanamaker, Jr, William F. Humphreys, David Woods, and John Cugley"},"citation":"Rhawn F. Denniston, Gabriele Villarini, Angelique N. Gonzales, Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll, Victor J. Polyak, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Matthew S. Lachniet, Alan D. Wanamaker, Jr, William F. Humphreys, David Woods, and John Cugley. 2015. Extreme rainfall activity in the Australian tropics reflects changes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation over the last two millennia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. . doi: 10.1073/pnas.1422270112","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1073/pnas.1422270112","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422270112"},"issue":null,"journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Extreme rainfall activity in the Australian tropics reflects changes in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation over the last two millennia","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["ENSO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56499","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-15.18","128.37"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"128.37","maxElevationMeters":"100","minElevationMeters":"100","northernmostLatitude":"-15.18","southernmostLatitude":"-15.18","westernmostLongitude":"128.37"}},"locationName":"Continent>Australia/New Zealand>Australia>Western Australia","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28594","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>lithology"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-10-2015flood.txt","linkText":"Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite 10 Flood Layer Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"flood layers","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"CaveKNI-51-10","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":561,"earliestYearBP":1389,"earliestYearCE":561,"mostRecentYear":1535,"mostRecentYearBP":415,"mostRecentYearCE":1535,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28595","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>lithology"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-i-2015flood.txt","linkText":"Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite I Flood Layer Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"flood layers","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"CaveKNI-51-I","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-222,"earliestYearBP":2172,"earliestYearCE":-222,"mostRecentYear":232,"mostRecentYearBP":1718,"mostRecentYearCE":232,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28596","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>lithology"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-11-2015flood.txt","linkText":"Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite 11 Flood Layer Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"flood layers","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"CaveKNI-51-11","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1757,"earliestYearBP":193,"earliestYearCE":1757,"mostRecentYear":1986,"mostRecentYearBP":-36,"mostRecentYearCE":1986,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28597","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>lithology"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-f-2015flood.txt","linkText":"Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite F Flood Layer Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"flood layers","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"CaveKNI-51-F","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1085,"earliestYearBP":865,"earliestYearCE":1085,"mostRecentYear":1632,"mostRecentYearBP":318,"mostRecentYearCE":1632,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28598","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>lithology"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-g-2015flood.txt","linkText":"Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite G Flood Layer Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"flood layers","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"CaveKNI-51-G","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1310,"earliestYearBP":640,"earliestYearCE":1310,"mostRecentYear":1638,"mostRecentYearBP":312,"mostRecentYearCE":1638,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28599","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>lithology"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-o-2015flood.txt","linkText":"Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite O Flood Layer Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"flood layers","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"CaveKNI-51-O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":236,"earliestYearBP":1714,"earliestYearCE":236,"mostRecentYear":520,"mostRecentYearBP":1430,"mostRecentYearCE":520,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28600","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>lithology"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/australia/kni-51-p-2015flood.txt","linkText":"Cave KNI-51 Stalagmite P Flood Layer Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"flood layers","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"formation property>event layer"}]}],"dataTableName":"CaveKNI-51-P","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-64,"earliestYearBP":2014,"earliestYearCE":-64,"mostRecentYear":255,"mostRecentYearBP":1695,"mostRecentYearCE":255,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Cave KNI-51"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Cave KNI-51, Western Australia 2,200 Year Stalagmite Flood Layer Data","studyNotes":"Stalagmite flood layer data from 7 stalagmites collected in cave KNI-51, Western Australia, at annual resolution for the past 2,200 years. Flood events are identified as mud layers in the stalagmites.  The data denote presence/absence of flood layers (0 = no flood layer; 1 = flood layer) and corresponding age.  Stalagmites were measured at 0.5 mm intervals.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"15937"}