{"NOAAStudyId":"19301","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-09-29","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-19301.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1537,"earliestYearCE":413,"entryId":"noaa-cave-19301","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil","fundingGrant":"E-26/100.377/2012, 2011/39450394, 2012/50260-6"},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"0502535, 1103403, 1003690, 1303828"}],"investigators":"Apaéstegui, J.; Cruz, F.W.; Sifeddine, A.; Vuille, M.; Espinoza, J.C.; Guyot, J.-L.; Khodri, M.; Strikis, N.; Santos, R.V.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Carvalho, E.; Santini, W.","mostRecentYearBP":22,"mostRecentYearCE":1928,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19301","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"In this paper we explore a speleothem d18O record from Palestina cave, northwestern Peru, at a site on the eastern side of the Andes cordillera, in the upper Amazon Basin. The d18O record is interpreted as a proxy for South American Summer Monsoon (SASM) intensity and allows the reconstruction of its variability during the last 1600 years. Two periods of anomalous changes in the climate mean state corresponding to the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA) periods identified in the Northern Hemisphere are recognized in the record, in which decreased and increased SASM activity, respectively, have been documented. Variations in SASM activity between the MCA and the LIA seem to be larger over the northern part of the continent, suggesting a latitudinal dependence of the MCA footprint. Our results, based on time series, composite and wavelet analyses, suggest that the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) plays an relevant role for SASM modulation on multidecadal scales (~65 years), especially during dry periods such as the MCA. Composite analyses, applied to evaluate the influence of the AMO on the Palestina cave d18O and other d18O-derived SASM reconstructions, allow insight into the spatial footprints of the AMO over tropical South America and highlight differences between records during key studied periods. This work also reveals that replicating regional climate signals from different sites, and using different proxies is absolutely essential for a comprehensive understanding of past changes in SASM activity.","author":{"name":"Apaéstegui, J., Cruz, F.W., Sifeddine, A., Vuille, M., Espinoza, J.C., Guyot, J.L., Khodri, M., Strikis, N., Santos, R.V., Cheng, H., Edwards, L., Carvalho, E., and Santini, W."},"citation":"Apaéstegui, J., Cruz, F.W., Sifeddine, A., Vuille, M., Espinoza, J.C., Guyot, J.L., Khodri, M., Strikis, N., Santos, R.V., Cheng, H., Edwards, L., Carvalho, E., and Santini, W. 2014. Hydroclimate variability of the northwestern Amazon Basin near the Andean foothills of Peru related to the South American Monsoon System during the last 1600 years. Climate of the Past, 10(6), 1967-1981. doi: 10.5194/cp-10-1967-2014","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.5194/cp-10-1967-2014","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1967-2014"},"issue":"6","journal":"Climate of the Past","pages":"1967-1981","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Hydroclimate variability of the northwestern Amazon Basin near the Andean foothills of Peru related to the South American Monsoon System during the last 1600 years","type":"publication","volume":"10"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56584","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-5.92","-77.35"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-77.35","maxElevationMeters":"870","minElevationMeters":"870","northernmostLatitude":"-5.92","southernmostLatitude":"-5.92","westernmostLongitude":"-77.35"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Peru","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"29800","coreLengthMeters":0,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/palestina2014pal3.txt","linkText":"Palestina Cave Stalagmite PAL3 Stable Isotope Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Palestina2014PAL3","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1099,"earliestYearBP":851,"earliestYearCE":1099,"mostRecentYear":1928,"mostRecentYearBP":22,"mostRecentYearCE":1928,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"29799","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/palestina2014.txt","linkText":"Palestina Cave Composite Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"averaged from multiple samples","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"averaged from multiple samples","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Palestina2014composite","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":413,"earliestYearBP":1537,"earliestYearCE":413,"mostRecentYear":1928,"mostRecentYearBP":22,"mostRecentYearCE":1928,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"29801","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/palestina2014pal4.txt","linkText":"Palestina Cave Stalagmite PAL4 Stable Isotope Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Palestina2014PAL4","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":413,"earliestYearBP":1537,"earliestYearCE":413,"mostRecentYear":1850,"mostRecentYearBP":100,"mostRecentYearCE":1850,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Palestina Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Palestina Cave, Peru 1,600 Year Stalagmite Stable Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Stable Oxygen isotope record (d18O and d13C) of PAL3 and PAL4 speleothems from the palestina Cave in north western Andes of Peru.  The composite record of Palestina spans the period between 421 to 1921 A.D.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"16989"}