{"NOAAStudyId":"21019","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-12-15","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-21019.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":2198,"earliestYearCE":-248,"entryId":"noaa-cave-21019","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"AGS-1003558, AGS-1003233"},{"fundingAgency":"National Geographic Society","fundingGrant":"8828-10"}],"investigators":"Lachniet, M.S.; Asmerom, Y.; Polyak, V.J.; Bernal, J.P.","mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21019","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The drivers of Mesoamerican monsoon variability over the last two millennia remain poorly known because of a lack of precisely-dated and climate-calibrated proxy records. Here, we present a new high resolution (~2 yrs) and precisely-dated (+/- 4 yr) wet season hydroclimate reconstruction for the Mesoamerican sector of the North American Monsoon over the past 2250 years based on two aragonite stalagmites from southwestern Mexico which replicate oxygen isotope variations over the 950-1950 CE interval. The reconstruction is quantitatively calibrated to instrumental rainfall variations in the Basin of Mexico. Comparisons to proxy indices of ocean-atmosphere circulation show a synergistic forcing by the North Atlantic and El Nino/Southern Oscillations, whereby monsoon strengthening coincided with a La Nina-like mode and a negative North Atlantic Oscillation, and vice versa for droughts. Our data suggest that weak monsoon intervals are associated with a strong North Atlantic subtropical high pressure system and a weak Intertropical convergence zone in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Population expansions at three major highland Mexico civilization of Teotihuacan, Tula, and Aztec Tenochtitlan were all associated with drought to pluvial transitions, suggesting that urban population growth was favored by increasing freshwater availability in the semi-arid Mexican highlands, and that this hydroclimatic change was controlled by Pacific and Atlantic Ocean forcing.","author":{"name":"Matthew S. Lachniet, Yemane Asmerom, Victor Polyak, Juan Pablo Bernal"},"citation":"Matthew S. Lachniet, Yemane Asmerom, Victor Polyak, Juan Pablo Bernal. 2017. Two millennia of Mesoamerican monsoon variability driven by Pacific and Atlantic synergistic forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews, 155, 100-113. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.012","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.012","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.11.012"},"issue":null,"journal":"Quaternary Science Reviews","pages":"100-113","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Two millennia of Mesoamerican monsoon variability driven by Pacific and Atlantic synergistic forcing","type":"publication","volume":"155"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Monsoon","Precipitation Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53067","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["17.44","-99.16"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-99.16","maxElevationMeters":"927","minElevationMeters":"927","northernmostLatitude":"17.44","southernmostLatitude":"17.44","westernmostLongitude":"-99.16"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Mexico","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"31767","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2017jxchron.txt","linkText":"JX Chronology and Rainfall Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"7-month period>May-Nov","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>precipitation"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"U-series and tuned age model","cvDataType":"CLIMATE 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spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/mexico/juxtlahuaca2017.xlsx","linkText":"JX Chronology, d18O Data, z-scores, and Rainfall Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Excel Data File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"JX7d18O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":949,"earliestYearBP":1001,"earliestYearCE":949,"mostRecentYear":1957,"mostRecentYearBP":-7,"mostRecentYearCE":1957,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Juxtlahuaca Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Juxtlahuaca Cave, Mexico 2,250 Year d18O Data and Rainfall Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Stalagmite oxygen isotope (d18O) data composite (JX chronology), plus Mesoamerican monsoon (May-November) precipitation reconstruction from Juxtlahuaca Cave, Mexico, for the past 2,250 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