{"NOAAStudyId":"21060","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-12-21","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-21060.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":9117,"earliestYearCE":-7167,"entryId":"noaa-cave-21060","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México","fundingGrant":"IN105713"},{"fundingAgency":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT)","fundingGrant":"78828"},{"fundingAgency":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)","fundingGrant":"590172/2011-5"},{"fundingAgency":"Singapore National Research Foundation Fellowship","fundingGrant":"2011-08"},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"1103403"},{"fundingAgency":"NASA and São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP)","fundingGrant":"2012/50260-6, 2013/5029-7"}],"investigators":"Bernal, J.P.; Cruz, F.W.; Strikis, N.; Wang, X.; Deininger, M.; Catunda, M.C.A.; Ortega-Obregón, C.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Auler, A.S.","mostRecentYearBP":-54,"mostRecentYearCE":2004,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/21060","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"A Holocene stalagmite from Botuverá Cave, southeastern Brazil was analyzed by LA-ICPMS for Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca. The observed variability in the record was demonstrated to be modulated by prior calcite precipitation, and, thus, is interpreted to reflect monsoon intensity. We find that the calcite d18O is strongly correlated with Sr/Ca, indicating that atmospheric circulation over South America and monsoon intensity have been tightly correlated throughout most of the Holocene, both directly responding to solar precession. Comparison with other contemporaneous high-resolution hydroclimate records reveals that SAMS has shown a degree of complexity during the Holocene not previously detected, with periods where the South American Convergence Zone (SACZ) expanded to cover most of the South American sub-continent, and coincident with periods of low-SST in the north Atlantic. We also detect periods where rainfall amount in northeastern and southeastern Brazil are markedly anti-phased, suggesting a north-south migration of SACZ, which it appears to be mediated by solar irradiance. The high-resolution nature of our record allow us to examine the effect that Holocene climate anomalies had upon SAMS dynamics and hydroclimate in southeastern Brazil, in particular the 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age. In addition to confirm the internal structure of the events, we also detect the possible consequences of the climatic anomalies upon ocean-atmosphere interactions through its effects upon SAMS.","author":{"name":"Bernal, J.P., Francisco W. Cruz, Nicolás, M. Stríkis, Xianfeng Wang, Michael Deininger, Maria Carolina A. Catunda, C. Ortega-Obregón, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Augusto S. Auler"},"citation":"Bernal, J.P., Francisco W. Cruz, Nicolás, M. Stríkis, Xianfeng Wang, Michael Deininger, Maria Carolina A. Catunda, C. Ortega-Obregón, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, and Augusto S. Auler. 2016. High-resolution Holocene South American monsoon history recorded by a speleothem from Botuverá Cave, Brazil. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 450, 186–196. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.008","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.008","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.008"},"issue":null,"journal":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","pages":"186–196","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2016,"reportNumber":null,"title":"High-resolution Holocene South American monsoon history recorded by a speleothem from Botuverá Cave, Brazil","type":"publication","volume":"450"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"6560","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-27.22","-49.16"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-49.16","maxElevationMeters":"230","minElevationMeters":"230","northernmostLatitude":"-27.22","southernmostLatitude":"-27.22","westernmostLongitude":"-49.16"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Brazil","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"31791","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>trace metals","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>geochemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/brazil/bernal2016/bernal2016-chem.txt","linkText":"Botuvera Cave Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate>calcite","cvMethod":"laser ablation","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"mole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate>calcite","cvMethod":"laser ablation","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"mole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate>calcite","cvMethod":"laser ablation","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"mole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"BTV21a Trace Metals Bernal16","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":9117,"earliestYearBP":9117,"earliestYearCE":-7167,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"31792","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/brazil/bernal2016/bernal2016-isot.txt","linkText":"Botuvera Cave Stable Isotope Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate>calcite","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate>calcite","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"}]}],"dataTableName":"BTV21a Isotopes Bernal16","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":9117,"earliestYearBP":9117,"earliestYearCE":-7167,"mostRecentYear":-54,"mostRecentYearBP":-54,"mostRecentYearCE":2004,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Botuverá Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Botuverá Cave, Brazil High-resolution Trace Metal and Stable Isotope Speleothem Data covering the last 10,000 Years","studyNotes":"d18O and d13C measurement precision: 0.1 per mil. Mg/Ca measurement precision ~5%, Sr/Ca measurement precision ~7%, Ba/Ca measurement precision ~10%.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"18983"}