{"NOAAStudyId":"22910","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-10-15","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-22910.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1580,"earliestYearCE":370,"entryId":"noaa-cave-22910","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"National Science Foundation of China ","fundingGrant":"41230524"},{"fundingAgency":"US NOAA","fundingGrant":"NA56GP0323"}],"investigators":"Voarintsoa, N.R.G.; Wang, L.; Railsback, L.B.; Brook, G.A.; Liang, F.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.","mostRecentYearBP":650,"mostRecentYearCE":1300,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22910","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The timing and causes of paleoenvironmental changes in Madagascar have been debated, specifically in respect to human activity following the settlement in the late Holocene. Here we present d18O, d13C, layer-bounding surfaces, layer-specific width, mineralogy, and distribution of macroholes from Stalagmite MA3 from Anjohibe Cave to provide a detailed understanding of the paleoenvironmental changes in northwestern Madagascar between 370 CE and 1300 CE. The stable isotope records of Stalagmite MA3 are compared with stable isotope records of Stalagmites ANJ94-5 and MA2.\r\n\r\nDetailed examination of the proxies suggests three distinct intervals of changes. (1) Prior to 795 CE, changes in vegetation seem to have responded to changes in monsoonal rainfall linked to the relative position of the ITCZ. The period between ca. 755 CE and 795 was the driest, and the Stalagmite MA3 record is consistent with sediment records (pollen and lithology) from Lake Mitsinjo, northwestern Madagascar, and with sediment records (fossil pollen and charcoal) from Sainte Luce, southeastern Madagascar. (2) Between 795 CE and 870, the environmental conditions became more favorable, when vegetation recovered from the driest interval. The new conditions must have been suitable for community development in the region as suggested by archaeological evidence around Lake Mitsinjo and the Boeny region, and the establishment of the stone town of Mahilaka. (3) After 870 CE, a gradational change in plant communities from C3 to C4 marks the record until around 1130 CE, after which vegetation was dominated by C4 plants. This change cannot be explained by climate alone, as there is no clear relationship in the climate-sensitive proxies. Instead, it could have been caused by \"Tavy\", a variety of \"swidden\" agriculture practiced in the region.","author":{"name":"Ny Riavo G. Voarintsoa, Lixin Wang, L. Bruce Railsback, George A. Brook, Fuyuan Liang, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards"},"citation":"Ny Riavo G. Voarintsoa, Lixin Wang, L. Bruce Railsback, George A. Brook, Fuyuan Liang, Hai Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards. 2017. Multiple proxy analyses of a U/Th-dated stalagmite to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes in northwestern Madagascar between 370 CE and 1300 CE. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 469, 138-155. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.003","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.003","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.003"},"issue":null,"journal":"Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology","pages":"138-155","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2017,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Multiple proxy analyses of a U/Th-dated stalagmite to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes in northwestern Madagascar between 370 CE and 1300 CE","type":"publication","volume":"469"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"57137","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-15.53","46.88"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"46.88","maxElevationMeters":"50","minElevationMeters":"50","northernmostLatitude":"-15.53","southernmostLatitude":"-15.53","westernmostLongitude":"46.88"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean>Madagascar","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"34073","coreLengthMeters":0,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/anjohibe2017b.txt","linkText":"Anjohibe Cave Stalagmite MA3 Stable Isotope Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Nature of the spelean minerals (A= aragonite; C= calcite)","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"distance from the top of the stalagmite","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"upper limit uncertainty","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"range lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"lower limit uncertainty","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"range upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Age model used in the time series considering petrography (Railsback et al. 2013) and StalAge CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Same as d13C raw but with 1.7 subtracted for data from aragonite (Romanek et al. 1992) to convert data to a calcite basis (to eliminate the effect of fractionation between aragonite and calcite.)","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Same as d18O raw but with 0.8 subtracted for data from aragonite (Kim et al. 2007) to convert data to a calcite basis (to eliminate the effect of fractionation between aragonite and calcite.)","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Anjohibe2017MA3","dataTableNotes":"< 1 year resolution","earliestYear":370,"earliestYearBP":1580,"earliestYearCE":370,"mostRecentYear":1300,"mostRecentYearBP":650,"mostRecentYearCE":1300,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Anjohibe Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar 370 - 1300 CE Stalagmite MA3 Stable Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Stalagmite stable isotope (d18O and d13C) data from Anjohibe Cave, Madagascar for 370 - 1300 CE.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"21074"}