{"NOAAStudyId":"23098","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2017-11-07","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-23098.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":2142,"earliestYearCE":-192,"entryId":"noaa-cave-23098","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"EAR-04-40343, EAR-03-19230, EAR-07-44079"},{"fundingAgency":"US Department of Energy","fundingGrant":"93ER14389"},{"fundingAgency":"Israel Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"910/05"},{"fundingAgency":"Comer Science and Education Foundation","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Orland, I.J.; Bar-Matthews, M.; Kita, N.T.; Ayalon, A.; Matthews, A.; Valley, J.W.","mostRecentYearBP":894,"mostRecentYearCE":1056,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23098","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Analysis of oxygen isotope ratios (d18O) by ion microprobe resolves a sub-annual climate record for the Eastern Mediterranean from a Soreq Cave stalagmite that grew between 2.2 and 0.9 ka. In contrast to conventional drill-sampling methods that yield a total variation of 1.0 permil in d18Ocalcite values across our sample, the methods described here reveal up to 2.15 permil variation within single annual growth bands. Values of d18O measured by ion microprobe vary in a regular saw-tooth pattern that correlates with annual, fluorescent growth banding where calcite grades from light to dark fluorescence. Modern records of precipitation and of cave dripwater indicate that variable d18Ocalcite values record regular seasonal differences in d18Orainfall modified by mixing in the vadose zone. Large differences in d18O values measured across a single band (i.e., between the dark and light fluorescent calcite, or Delta18Odark-light) are interpreted to indicate wetter years, while smaller differences represent drier years. Oxygen isotopes record: 1) month-scale growth increments, 2) changes in Delta18Odark-light that represent seasonality, 3) a systematic, long-term decrease in maximum Delta18Odark-light values, and 4) an overall increase in average d18Ocalcite values through time. These results suggest a drying of regional climate that coincides with the decline of the Roman and Byzantine Empires in the Levant region.","author":{"name":"Ian J. Orland, Miryam Bar-Matthews, Noriko T. Kita, Avner Ayalon, Alan Matthews, John W. Valley"},"citation":"Ian J. Orland, Miryam Bar-Matthews, Noriko T. Kita, Avner Ayalon, Alan Matthews, John W. Valley. 2009. Climate deterioration in the Eastern Mediterranean as revealed by ion microprobe analysis of a speleothem that grew from 2.2 to 0.9 ka in Soreq Cave, Israel. Quaternary Research, 71(1), 27-35. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.005","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.005","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.08.005"},"issue":"1","journal":"Quaternary Research","pages":"27-35","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Climate deterioration in the Eastern Mediterranean as revealed by ion microprobe analysis of a speleothem that grew from 2.2 to 0.9 ka in Soreq Cave, Israel","type":"publication","volume":"71"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"6550","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["31.45","35.03"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"35.03","maxElevationMeters":"400","minElevationMeters":"400","northernmostLatitude":"31.45","southernmostLatitude":"31.45","westernmostLongitude":"35.03"}},"locationName":"Continent>Asia>Western Asia>Middle East>Israel","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"34335","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/asia/israel/soreq2009d18o.txt","linkText":"Soreq Cave d18O 2.2-0.9 ky BP","urlDescription":"Formatted Text Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 1950 CE; age model is a linear interpolation between U-Th ages with data that are not bracketed by ages assigned a growth rate equal to the average growth rate across all 8 ages","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10um-diameter analysis spots","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate>calcite","cvMethod":"multiple collector secondary ion mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"spot-to-spot reproducibility; 10um-diameter analysis spots","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate>calcite","cvMethod":"multiple collector secondary ion mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Soreq2-6d18O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":2142,"earliestYearBP":2142,"earliestYearCE":-192,"mostRecentYear":894,"mostRecentYearBP":894,"mostRecentYearCE":1056,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Soreq Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Soreq Cave, Israel Speleothem Oxygen Isotope Data 2.2-0.9 ky BP","studyNotes":"Oxygen isotope data and age model from sample 2-6 of Soreq Cave near Jerusalem, Israel","version":"1.0","xmlId":"21274"}