{"NOAAStudyId":"5420","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2001-03-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-5420.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":6406,"earliestYearCE":-4456,"entryId":"noaa-cave-5420","funding":[],"investigators":"Holmgren, K.; Lee-Thorp, J.A.; Karlén, W.; Lauritzen, S.-E.; Partridge, T.C.; Piketh, S.; Repinski, P.; Stevenson, C.; Svanered, O.; Tyson, P.D.; Linge, H.; Moberg, A.","mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5420","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"A detailed climate proxy record based on d18O, d13C, and grey index \r\nof a well-dated stalagmite from Cold Air Cave in the Makapansgat Valley \r\nin north-eastern South Africa suggests that regional precipitation, \r\ntemperatures, and vegetation oscillated markedly and rapidly over \r\nthe last ~6500 years on centennial and multi-decadal scales.  The \r\nmid-Holocene prior to 5200 years ago was humid and warm. A fundamental \r\ntransition occurred 3200 years ago, leading to drier and cooler \r\nconditions that culminated at 1750 AD.  Comparisons with ice core\r\nrecords suggest synchronous changes implicating rapid global \r\nteleconnections.","author":null,"citation":"Lee-Thorp, J.A., K. Holmgren, S.E. Lauritzen, H. Linge, A. Moberg, T.C. Partridge, Stevenson, C. and P.D. Tyson. 2001. Rapid climate shifts in the southern African interior throughout the mid to late Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 4507-4510. doi:10.1029/2000GL012728.","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2000GL012728","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012728"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geophysical Research Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2001,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Rapid climate shifts in the southern African interior throughout the mid to late Holocene.","type":"publication","volume":null},{"abstract":null,"author":null,"citation":"Holmgren, K, W. Karlén, S.E. Lauritzen, J.A. Lee-Thorp, T.C. Partridge, S. Piketh, P. Repinski, C. Stevenson, O. Svanered and P.D. Tyson. 1999. A 3000-year High-Resolution Record of Palaeoclimate for North-Eastern South Africa. The Holocene, 9(3), 295-309. doi:10.1191/095968399672625464","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1191/095968399672625464","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/095968399672625464"},"issue":null,"journal":"The Holocene","pages":null,"pubRank":"2","pubYear":1999,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A 3000-year High-Resolution Record of Palaeoclimate for North-Eastern South Africa","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["PAGES Africa 2k","PAGES 2k Network"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"6547","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-24.02","29.11"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"29.11","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-24.02","southernmostLatitude":"-24.02","westernmostLongitude":"29.11"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7154","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold_air_cave.txt","linkText":"cold_air_cave.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/syntrace/speleothem/cave-coldair-t7.txt","linkText":"cave-coldair-t7.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"T7","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-4456,"earliestYearBP":6406,"earliestYearCE":-4456,"mostRecentYear":1996,"mostRecentYearBP":-46,"mostRecentYearCE":1996,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Cold Air Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lee-Thorp et al. 2001, Holmgren et al. 1999 South African Speleothem Stable Isotope Data","studyNotes":"DESCRIPTION:  Stable isotope and grey colour intensity data from an \naragonite stalagmite from Cold Air Cave in the Makapansgat Valley \nin northeastern South Africa. \n\nThe record indicates wetter conditions in the summer rainfall areas \nof southern Africa during the mid Holocene warm phase, in phase with \npreviously identified reduction in Antarctic circumpolar circulation. \nThe record also captures a marked climate shift 3200 years ago. \nThe trend thereafter towards the most pronounced cool, dry episode \nin the past 6500 years, culminating at AD 1750, reflects a cooling \ntrend observed also in Antarctic and Greenland ice cores.\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"7300"}