{"NOAAStudyId":"5428","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"1999-01-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-5428.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":8517,"earliestYearCE":-6567,"entryId":"noaa-cave-5428","funding":[],"investigators":"Denniston, R.F.; González, L.A.; Baker, R.G.; Asmerom, Y.; Reagan, M.K.; Edwards, R.L.; Alexander, E.C.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5428","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Carbon and oxygen isotopic trends from seven Midwestern speleothems record significant offsets in the timing of middle-Holocene vegetation change. Interactions of dry Pacific and moist Gulf of Mexico air masses maintained a sharp moisture gradient across Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin such that the arrival of prairie was offset by 2000 years between caves and pollen sites located only 50 km apart. Oxygen isotopes shift concomitantly with carbon in most cases, although these changes are believed to represent increased evaporative enrichment of 18O prior to infiltration during the prairie period. ","author":{"name":"Denniston, R.F., L.A. González, R.G. Baker, Y. Asmerom, M.K. Reagan, R.L. Edwards, and C. Alexander"},"citation":"Denniston, R.F., L.A. González, R.G. Baker, Y. Asmerom, M.K. Reagan, R.L. Edwards, and C. Alexander. 1999. Speleothem evidence for Holocene fluctuations of the prairie-forest ecotone, north-central USA. The Holocene, 9(6), 671-676. doi: 10.1191/095968399674716399","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1191/095968399674716399","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/095968399674716399"},"issue":"6","journal":"The Holocene","pages":"671-676","pubRank":"1","pubYear":1999,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Speleothem evidence for Holocene fluctuations of the prairie-forest ecotone, north-central USA","type":"publication","volume":"9"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"6555","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["44.83","-92.25"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-92.25","maxElevationMeters":"332","minElevationMeters":"332","northernmostLatitude":"44.83","southernmostLatitude":"44.83","westernmostLongitude":"-92.25"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Wisconsin","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7171","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth 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13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"CC-A","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-956,"earliestYearBP":2906,"earliestYearCE":-956,"mostRecentYear":1950,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Crystal Cave WI"},{"NOAASiteId":"6556","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["43.62","-92.3"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-92.3","maxElevationMeters":"403","minElevationMeters":"403","northernmostLatitude":"43.62","southernmostLatitude":"43.62","westernmostLongitude":"-92.3"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Minnesota","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7172","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/usa/minnesota/mystery_cave.txt","linkText":"Mystery Cave","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"MC-28","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-5570,"earliestYearBP":7520,"earliestYearCE":-5570,"mostRecentYear":1950,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Mystery Cave"},{"NOAASiteId":"6557","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["43.75","-92.41"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-92.41","maxElevationMeters":"397","minElevationMeters":"397","northernmostLatitude":"43.75","southernmostLatitude":"43.75","westernmostLongitude":"-92.41"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Minnesota","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7173","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/usa/minnesota/spring_valley_caverns.txt","linkText":"Spring Valley Caverns","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"SVC-1","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-6567,"earliestYearBP":8517,"earliestYearCE":-6567,"mostRecentYear":1950,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"7174","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/northamerica/usa/minnesota/spring_valley_caverns.txt","linkText":"Spring Valley Caverns","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"SVC-2","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-4570,"earliestYearBP":6520,"earliestYearCE":-4570,"mostRecentYear":-294,"mostRecentYearBP":2244,"mostRecentYearCE":-294,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Spring Valley Caverns"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Denniston et al. 1999 north-central USA Speleothem Stable Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Stalagmites dated by U-Th Series, and isotope data collected on a Finnigan MAT 252 using a Kiel II device.  \n\n! Analyses of Cold Water Cave stalagmite 1S are tabuluated in Dorale et al. (1992). \n* The total length of SV-1 = 635 mm; SV-2 = 560 mm; MC-28 = 317 mm; CC-A = 311 mm. \n§d234Umeasured = [(234U/238U)measured/(234U/238U)eq –1] × 103, where (234U/238U)eq is \nthe secular equilibrium atomic ratio: lamda238/lamda234 = 5.472 × 10- 5. Values in parentheses are 2sigma uncertainties. \n\n† Ages are relative to the time of measurement, 1994–1996. Ages are calculated using a modification of the standard age equations (Broecker and Thurber,1965) modified to correct for initial 230Th assuming an initial 230Th/232Th ratio of 4.4 × 10- 6(± 2.2 × 10- 6). Half lives are those used in Edwards et al. (1987). Although analytically precise, uncertainty associated with drilling large (~1 g) samples increases the effective error of these dates.  \n\t","version":"1.0","xmlId":"7284"}