{"NOAAStudyId":"5432","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2005-04-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-5432.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":24378,"earliestYearCE":-22428,"entryId":"noaa-cave-5432","funding":[],"investigators":"Holmgren, K.; Lee-Thorp, J.A.; Cooper, G.R.J.; Lundblad, K.; Partridge, T.C.; Scott, L.; Sithaldeen, R.; Talma, A.S.; Tyson, P.D.","mostRecentYearBP":-48,"mostRecentYearCE":1998,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/5432","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Data from stalagmites in the Makapansgat Valley, South Africa, document \r\nregional climatic change in southern Africa in the Late Pleistocene and \r\nHolocene. A new TIMS U-series dated stalagmite indicates speleothem growth \r\nfrom 24.4 to 12.7 ka and from 10.2 to 0 ka, interrupted by a 2.5 ka hiatus. \r\nHigh-resolution oxygen and carbon stable isotope data suggest that \r\npostglacial warming was first initiated ~17 ka, was interrupted by cooling, \r\nprobably associated with the Antarctic Cold Reversal, and was followed by \r\nstrong warming after 13.5 ka.  The Early Holocene experienced warm, \r\nevaporative conditions with fewer C4 grasses.  Cooling is evident from \r\n~6 to 2.5 ka, followed by warming between 1.5 and 2.5 ka and briefly at \r\n~AD 1200. Maximum Holocene cooling occurred at AD 1700. The new stalagmite \r\nlargely confirms results from shorter Holocene stalagmites reported earlier. \r\nThe strongest variability superimposed on more general trends has a \r\nquasi-periodicity between 2.5 and 4.0 ka. Also present are weaker ~1.0 ka \r\nand ~100-year oscillations, the latter probably solar induced. Given \r\nsimilarities to the Antarctic records, the proximate driving force \r\nproducing millennial- and centennial-scale changes in the Makapansgat \r\nrecord is postulated to be atmospheric circulation changes associated with \r\nchange in the Southern Hemisphere circumpolar westerly wind vortex.","author":null,"citation":"Holmgren, K., J.A. Lee-Thorp, G.R.J. Cooper, K. Lundblad, T.C. Partridge, \r\nL. Scott, R. Sithaldeen, A. Siep Talmaf and P.D. Tyson.  2003.\r\nPersistent millennial-scale climatic variability over the past 25,000 years \r\nin Southern Africa.  Quaternary Science Reviews, 22(21-22), 2311-2326. doi:10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00204-X","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00204-X","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00204-X"},"issue":null,"journal":"Quaternary Science Reviews","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2003,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Persistent millennial-scale climatic variability over the past 25,000 years in Southern Africa.","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["PAGES Africa 2k","PAGES 2k Network"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"6547","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-24.02","29.11"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"29.11","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-24.02","southernmostLatitude":"-24.02","westernmostLongitude":"29.11"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"7178","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.txt","linkText":"cold-air-cave2003.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"present defined as 2000 CE","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for aragonite","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for aragonite","cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>carbon isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/africa/cold-air-cave2003.xls","linkText":"cold-air-cave2003.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"T8","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":-22428,"earliestYearBP":24378,"earliestYearCE":-22428,"mostRecentYear":1998,"mostRecentYearBP":-48,"mostRecentYearCE":1998,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Cold Air Cave"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Holmgren et al. 2003 Cold Air Cave Stalagmite 25KYr Stable Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Description & Notes:\nStable oxygen and carbon isotope data from TIMS U-series dated stalagmites from Cold Air Cave, Makapansgat Valley, South Africa, document regional climatic change in southern Africa over the past 25,000 years.\n\nHiatuses Indentified:\nSpeleothem growth from 24.4 to 12.7 ka and from 10.2 to 0 ka, interrupted by a 2.5 ka hiatus. ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"7287"}