{"NOAAStudyId":"9790","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-09-16","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/speleothem","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-cave-9790.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":13355,"earliestYearCE":-11405,"entryId":"noaa-cave-9790","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"NWO-WOTRO and the British Council ","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"van Breukelen, M.R.; Vonhof, H.B.; Hellstrom, J.C.; Wester, W.C.G.; Kroon, D.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/9790","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Most proxy records used for reconstruction of Holocene climate \nof Amazonia are unable to quantitatively distinguish between \nthe effect of temperature and rainfall amounts.  We present a new \nisotope technique applied to a ~13,500 yr stalagmite archive from \nPeruvian Amazonia. By analysing the coupled isotope composition \nof fossil dripwater trapped in stalagmite fluid inclusions, \nand that of the calcite hosting the fluid inclusions, we were able \nto calculate independent paleotemperatures and rainfall amounts.\nThis stalagmite record shows that Holocene climate variation was \ncontrolled by orbitally-forced Southward migration of the Inter \nTropical Convergence Zone. While temperature remained constant, \nisotope variation of rainwater, reflected in fluid inclusion water \nd18O composition, suggests a ~15-30% increase in convective rainfall \nthrough the Holocene.  A comparison of the low-land Peruvian fluid \ninclusion record with the high Andean Huascaran ice core record \nshows a constant ~12‰ offset of d18O curves for the Holocene, \nsuggesting that Andean vertical temperature gradients (lapse rates) \ndid not vary much over the last 9000 years. During the Younger Dryas \ninterval, however, the offset of d18O values was much higher than \nin the Holocene. This may be attributed to a relative drop in air\ntemperatures in the highlands (higher lapse rate), caused by long \ndistance teleconnections to climate perturbations in the North \nAtlantic.  In a wider perspective, fluid inclusion isotope analysis \ndrastically improves paleotemperature reconstructions based on \nspeleothem calcite d18O data, because it provides the d18O value \nof drip water through time, which is usually the most important \nunknown in paleotemperature equations. \n","author":null,"citation":"van Breukelen, M.R., H.B. Vonhof, J.C. Hellstrom, W.C.G. Wester, \nand D. Kroon. 2008.  \nFossil dripwater in stalagmites reveals Holocene temperature \nand rainfall variation in Amazonia. \nEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 275, Issues 1-2, \npp. 54-60, 30 October 2008.   doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.060 \n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.060 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.07.060 "},"issue":null,"journal":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Fossil dripwater in stalagmites reveals Holocene temperature  and rainfall variation in Amazonia.","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Monsoon","PAGES 2k Network","PAGES LOTRED SA2k","Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"31471","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-5.940556","-77.308056"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-77.308056","maxElevationMeters":"1000","minElevationMeters":"1000","northernmostLatitude":"-5.940556","southernmostLatitude":"-5.940556","westernmostLongitude":"-77.308056"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Amazonia","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"18682","coreLengthMeters":0,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>other","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/tigre-perdido2008.txt","linkText":"tigre-perdido2008.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>fluid inclusion","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>fluid inclusion","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>other"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/tigre-perdido2008.xls","linkText":"tigre-perdido2008.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"NC-A","dataTableNotes":"Two samples from Amsterdam and Melbourne labs combined\r\nwere used for this study. NC-A sample with depth 25-305 mm and NC-B with depth 30-300 mm.","earliestYear":4302,"earliestYearBP":4302,"earliestYearCE":-2352,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"20052","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>other"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/tigre-perdido2008.txt","linkText":"tigre-perdido2008.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>fluid inclusion","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>fluid inclusion","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>other"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/tigre-perdido2008.xls","linkText":"tigre-perdido2008.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"NC-B","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":13355,"earliestYearBP":13355,"earliestYearCE":-11405,"mostRecentYear":3236,"mostRecentYearBP":3236,"mostRecentYearCE":-1286,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"20312","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>other","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/tigre-perdido2008.txt","linkText":"tigre-perdido2008.txt","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>fluid inclusion","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>fluid inclusion","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"SPELEOTHEMS","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>identified mineral>carbonate>calcium carbonate","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>other","earth science>paleoclimate>speleothems>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/speleothem/southamerica/peru/tigre-perdido2008.xls","linkText":"tigre-perdido2008.xls","urlDescription":"Speleothem","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"FI","dataTableNotes":"Cueva del Tigre Perdido Stalagmite fluid inclusion isotope data \r\n","earliestYear":13355,"earliestYearBP":13355,"earliestYearCE":-11405,"mostRecentYear":35,"mostRecentYearBP":35,"mostRecentYearCE":1915,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Cueva del Tigre Perdido"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Cueva del Tigre Perdido, Peru Stalagmite Fluid Inclusion Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Stalagmite fluid inclusion and calcite oxygen isotope record from an \nAmazon Basin cave, dated by U-Th.  Data consist of fluid inclusion \nd18O and dH2 and calcite d18O data from two stalagmites collected in \nCueva del Tigre Perdido, Peru.  \n\nCueva del Tigre Perdido, Nueva Cajamarca, San Martín, Peru:\n5°56'26\"S, 77°18'29\"W \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"8725"}