{"NOAAStudyId":"10425","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-06-04","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-10425.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":143,"earliestYearCE":1807,"entryId":"noaa-coral-10425","funding":[],"investigators":"Wei, G.; McCulloch, M.T.; Mortimer, G.; Deng, W.; Xie, L.","mostRecentYearBP":-54,"mostRecentYearCE":2004,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10425","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Geochemical records preserved in the long-lived carbonate skeleton \nof corals provide one of the few means to reconstruct changes in \nseawater pH since the commencement of the industrial era. This \ninformation is important in not only determining the response of \nthe surface oceans to ocean acidification from enhanced uptake of \nCO2, but also to better understand the effects of ocean acidification \non carbonate secreting organisms such as corals, whose ability to \ncalcify is highly pH dependent.  Here we report an ~200 year d11B \nisotopic record, extracted from a long-lived Porites coral from \nthe central Great Barrier Reef of Australia. This record covering \nthe period from 1800 to 2004 was sampled at yearly increments from \n1940 to the present and 5-year increments prior to 1940. The d11B \nisotopic compositions reflect variations in seawater pH, and the \nd13C changes in the carbon composition of surface water due to \nfossil fuel burning over this period. In addition complementary\nBa/Ca, d18O and Mg/Ca data was obtained providing proxies for \nterrestrial runoff, salinity and temperature changes over the \npast 200 years in this region. Positive thermal ionization mass \nspectrometry (PTIMS) method was utilized in order to enable the \nhighest precision and most accurate measurements of d11B values. \nThe internal precision and reproducibility for d11B of our \nmeasurements are better than ±0.2 per mil (2 sigma), which translates \nto a precision of better than ±0.02 pH units. Our results indicate \nthat the long-term pre-industrial variation of seawater pH in this \nregion is partially related to the decadal-interdecadal variability \nof atmospheric and oceanic anomalies in the Pacific. In the periods \naround 1940 and 1998 there are also rapid oscillations in d11B \ncompositions equivalent changes in pH of almost 0.5 U. The 1998 \noscillation is co-incident with a major coral bleaching event \nindicating the sensitivity of skeletal d11B compositions to loss \nof zooxanthellate symbionts.  Importantly, from the 1940s to the \npresent-day, there is a general overall trend of ocean acidification \nwith pH decreasing by about 0.2-0.3 U, the range being dependent on \nthe value assumed for the fractionation factor alpha(B3-B4) of the \nboric acid and borate species in seawater. Correlations of d11B \nwith d13C during this interval indicate that the increasing trend \ntowards ocean acidification over the past 60 years in this region \nis the result of enhanced dissolution of CO2 in surface waters from \nthe rapidly increasing levels of atmospheric CO2, mainly from fossil \nfuel burning. This suggests that the increased levels of \nanthropogenic CO2 in atmosphere has already caused a significant \ntrend towards acidification in the oceans during the past decades.  \nObservations of surprisingly large decreases in pH across important \ncarbonate producing regions, such as the Great Barrier Reef of \nAustralia, raise serious concerns about the impact of Greenhouse \ngas emissions on coral calcification. \n\n","author":null,"citation":"Wei, G., M.T. McCulloch, G. Mortimer, W. Deng, and L. Xie.  2009.  \nEvidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef\nof Australia. \nGeochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.  73, pp. 2332-2346.  \ndoi:10.1016/j.gca.2009.02.009 \n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.gca.2009.02.009","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.02.009"},"issue":null,"journal":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Evidence for ocean acidification in the Great Barrier Reef of Australia","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["PAGES 2k Network","ocean acidification","Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction","PAGES Australasia 2k"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"37037","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-16.7167","146.0333"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"146.0333","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-16.7167","southernmostLatitude":"-16.7167","westernmostLongitude":"146.0333"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Western Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19223","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/great_barrier/arlington2009.xls","linkText":"arlington2009.xls","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/great_barrier/wei2009_noaa.txt","linkText":"wei2009_noaa.txt","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 11B","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 11B","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>sea water","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micromole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>barium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 13C"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SRM 951","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SRM 951","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"}]}],"dataTableName":"AREO4","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1807,"earliestYearBP":143,"earliestYearCE":1807,"mostRecentYear":2004,"mostRecentYearBP":-54,"mostRecentYearCE":2004,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Arlington Reef"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Great Barrier Reef Coral 200 Year d11B and pH Reconstruction ","studyNotes":"200 year coral geochemical record and ocean pH reconstruction \nfrom the central Great Barrier Reef of Australia. The Porites sp. \ncoral core was drilled in Arlington Reef, immediately offshore \nCairns in the north-east coast of Australia in November 2004.  \n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"9089"}