{"NOAAStudyId":"13157","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-08-20","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-13157.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":6883,"earliestYearCE":-4933,"entryId":"noaa-coral-13157","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Smithsonian Institution","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Florida Institute of Technology","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Toth, L.T.; Aronson, R.B.; Vollmer, S.V.; Hobbs, J.W.; Urrego, D.H.; Cheng, H.; Enochs, I.C.; Combosch, D.J.; van Woesik, R.; Macintyre, I.G.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13157","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Cores of coral reef frameworks along an upwelling gradient in Panamá show that reef ecosystems in the tropical eastern Pacific collapsed for 2500 years, representing as much\r\nas 40% of their history, beginning about 4000 years ago. The principal cause of this\r\nmillennial-scale hiatus in reef growth was increased variability of the El Niño–Southern\r\nOscillation (ENSO) and its coupling with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The hiatus was\r\na Pacific-wide phenomenon with an underlying climatology similar to probable scenarios\r\nfor the next century. Global climate change is probably driving eastern Pacific reefs toward\r\nanother regional collapse.","author":null,"citation":"Toth, L.T., R.B. Aronson, S.V. Vollmer, J.W. Hobbs, D.H. Urrego, H. Cheng, I.C. Enochs, D.J. Combosch, R. van Woesik, and I.G. Macintyre. 2012. ENSO drove 2500-year collapse of eastern Pacific coral reefs. Science, 337:81-84. doi: 10.1126/science.1221168.","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.1221168","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1221168"},"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"ENSO drove 2500-year collapse of eastern Pacific coral reefs","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["ENSO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53234","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["8.631566","-79.028331"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-79.028331","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"8.631566","southernmostLatitude":"8.631566","westernmostLongitude":"-79.028331"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"22631","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2012.txt","linkText":"toth2012.txt","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"the rate of linear growth averaged across a coral reef","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter per kiloyear","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>extension rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample end"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2012.xls","linkText":"toth2012.xls","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Contadora Island","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":6883,"earliestYearBP":6883,"earliestYearCE":-4933,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Contadora Island"},{"NOAASiteId":"53235","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["7.62699","-80.00093"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-80.00093","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"7.62699","southernmostLatitude":"7.62699","westernmostLongitude":"-80.00093"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"22632","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2012.txt","linkText":"toth2012.txt","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"the rate of linear growth averaged across a coral reef","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter per kiloyear","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>extension rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample end"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>age control","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2012.xls","linkText":"toth2012.xls","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Iguana Island","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":4811,"earliestYearBP":4811,"earliestYearCE":-2861,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Iguana Island"},{"NOAASiteId":"53236","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["7.40035","-81.58237"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-81.58237","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"7.40035","southernmostLatitude":"7.40035","westernmostLongitude":"-81.58237"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Eastern Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"22633","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2012.txt","linkText":"toth2012.txt","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"the rate of linear growth averaged across a coral reef","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter per kiloyear","cvWhat":"formation property>formation rate>extension rate"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample end"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>age control"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/toth2012.xls","linkText":"toth2012.xls","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Canales de Tierra Island","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":5860,"earliestYearBP":5860,"earliestYearCE":-3910,"mostRecentYear":372,"mostRecentYearBP":372,"mostRecentYearCE":1578,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Canales de Tierra Island"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Coral reef accretion rates and marine reservoir ages in Pacific Panama","studyNotes":"This data set includes calculated rates of vertical reef accretion and\nlocal reservoir corrections from coral reef cores collected in Pacific Panama.\nThe cores were collected at three sites: Contadora Island, which experiences\nstrong seasonal upwelling, Iguana Island where upwelling is intermediate, and\nCanales de Tierra Island, where there is no upwelling. Age models were created\nfor each core using a combination of radiocarbon dating by standard\nmethodologies, radiocarbon dating using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS),\nand U/Th dating using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).\nAccretion rates were calculated by dividing the length of a given interval in\na core by its time-span (typically using radiocarbon ages calibrated using\nthe local reservoir correction). These data are presented in relation to a\nlong-term depositional hiatus that occurred at all three sites from ~4100-1600\ncal BP.\n     To calculate the local reservoir correction at each site during the\nmid-to-late Holocene, individual corals from each site were sampled. These\ncorals were split and one half was radiocarbon dated using AMS and the other\nhalf was U/Th dated using ICP-MS. Radiocarbon ages are strongly influenced by\nthe local reservoir correction (Delta R), which is in turn influenced by the\nregional upwelling regime. Conversely, marine U/Th dates provide a better\napproximation of the 'true age' of a sample. Subtracting the U/Th age from\nthe radiocarbon age gives an estimate of the total reservoir age, R. The U/Th\nage of each sample was used to determine expected radiocarbon age for that\ntime based on the standard marine calibration curve. Delta R is calculated by\nsubtracting the expected radiocarbon age from the measured radiocarbon age of\nthe sample. Delta R provides a measure of each locality's deviation from the\nglobal reservoir correction, allowing for more accurate calibration of\nradiocarbon ages. This information is also useful in reconstructing local\npaleoceanography.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11199"}