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These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-01-06","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-13672.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":6896,"earliestYearCE":-4946,"entryId":"noaa-coral-13672","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"0752091, 1103403"},{"fundingAgency":"National Natural Science Foundation China","fundingGrant":"41230524"},{"fundingAgency":"US Department of Energy","fundingGrant":"DOE-SC0005597"}],"investigators":"Cobb, K.M.; Westphal, N.; Sayani, H.R.; Watson, J.T.; Di Lorenzo, E.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Charles, C.D.","mostRecentYearBP":-57,"mostRecentYearCE":2007,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13672","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives large changes in global \r\nclimate patterns from year to year, yet its sensitivity to continued \r\nanthropogenic greenhouse forcing is uncertain. We analyzed fossil coral \r\nreconstructions of ENSO spanning the past 7000 years from the Northern \r\nLine Islands, located in the center of action for ENSO. The corals \r\ndocument highly variable ENSO activity, with no evidence for a systematic \r\ntrend in ENSO variance, which is contrary to some models that exhibit \r\na response to insolation forcing over this same period. Twentieth-century \r\nENSO variance is significantly higher than average fossil coral ENSO \r\nvariance but is not unprecedented. Our results suggest that forced changes \r\nin ENSO, whether natural or anthropogenic, may be difficult to detect \r\nagainst a background of large internal variability. \r\n","author":null,"citation":"Cobb, K.M., N. Westphal, H.R. Sayani, J.T. Watson, E. Di Lorenzo, \r\nH. Cheng, R. L. Edwards, and C.D. Charles. 2013. \r\nHighly Variable El Niño-Southern Oscillation Throughout the Holocene.   \r\nScience, Vol. 339, no. 6115, pp. 67-70, 4 January 2013. \r\nDOI: 10.1126/science.1228246 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.1228246","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1228246"},"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Highly Variable El Niño-Southern Oscillation Throughout the Holocene","type":"publication","volume":null},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Zaunbracher, L.K.; Cobb, K.M.; Beck, J.W.; Charles, C.D.; Druffel, E.R.M"},"citation":"Zaunbracher, L.K.; Cobb, K.M.; Beck, J.W.; Charles, C.D.; Druffel, E.R.M. 2010. Coral records of central tropical Pacific radiocarbon variability during the last millennium. 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","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11694"}