{"NOAAStudyId":"14968","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-09-06","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-14968.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":4400,"earliestYearCE":-2450,"entryId":"noaa-coral-14968","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Australian Research Council  ","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Australian Institute of Nuclear  Science and Engineering Research (AINSE)","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"McGregor, H.V.; Fischer, M.J.; Gagan, M.K.; Fink, D.; Phipps, S.J.; Wong, H.; Woodroffe, C.D.","mostRecentYearBP":4200,"mostRecentYearCE":-2250,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14968","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Earth's interannual climate variability is dominated by El Niño/Southern \r\nOscillation (ENSO). Palaeoclimate records indicate a lower ENSO variance \r\nduring the middle Holocene compared with today; however, model simulations \r\nhave not reproduced the full magnitude of the changes, and whether external \r\nforcing drives large intrinsic ENSO variability is therefore a matter of \r\nconsiderable debate. Here we present a 175-year-long, monthly resolved \r\noxygen isotope record, obtained from a Porites coral microatoll located \r\non Kiritimati (Christmas) Island, in the NINO3.4 region of the central \r\nequatorial Pacific. Our quantitative record of ENSO variability about \r\n4,300 years ago shows that ENSO variance was persistently reduced by 79%, \r\ncompared with today, and it exhibits a dominant annual cycle. Season-specific \r\nanalysis shows that El Niño events were damped during their September-November \r\ngrowth phase, and delayed relative to the climatological year. We suggest that \r\nthe higher boreal summer insolation at the time strengthened the tropical \r\nPacific zonal winds as well as the gradients in sea surface temperature, \r\nand thereby led to an enhanced annual cycle and suppressed ENSO. As the weak \r\nENSO is subject to interdecadal amplitude modulation, we conclude that \r\namplitude modulation is likely to remain robust under altered climates. \r\nOur findings show that ENSO is capable of responding to external forcing.","author":{"name":"H. V. McGregor, M. J. Fischer, M. K. Gagan, D. Fink, S. J. Phipps, H. Wong, and C. D. Woodroffe"},"citation":"H. V. McGregor, M. J. Fischer, M. K. Gagan, D. Fink, S. J. Phipps, H. Wong, and C. D. Woodroffe. 2013. A weak El Niño-Southern Oscillation with delayed seasonal growth around 4,300 years ago. Nature Geoscience, 6(11), 949-953. doi: 10.1038/ngeo1936","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/ngeo1936","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1936"},"issue":"11","journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":"949-953","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A weak El Niño-Southern Oscillation with delayed seasonal growth around 4,300 years ago","type":"publication","volume":"6"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["ENSO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"1852","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["2","-157.3"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-157.3","maxElevationMeters":"-9","minElevationMeters":"-9","northernmostLatitude":"2","southernmostLatitude":"2","westernmostLongitude":"-157.3"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Central Pacific Ocean>Kiribati","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24995","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013.xls","linkText":"kiritimati2013.xls","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/kiritimati2013.txt","linkText":"kiritimati2013.txt","urlDescription":"Coral","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>number of samples"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to mean annual cycle; detrended over length of record","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to mean annual cycle; detrended over length of record","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to mean annual cycle; detrended over length of record","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to mean annual cycle; detrended over length of record","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"Kiritimati2013XM35","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":4400,"earliestYearBP":4400,"earliestYearCE":-2450,"mostRecentYear":4200,"mostRecentYearBP":4200,"mostRecentYearCE":-2250,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Kiritimati Island"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Kiritimati Island 4.3ka Fossil Coral d18O Data ","studyNotes":"Data files updated 5/2/2014 to include Sr/Ca, Sr/Ca-SST, and Dd18O data from fossil coral XM35 and modern coral XM22, as plotted in Supplementary Figure 9, McGregor et al. 2013 Nature Geoscience. Fossil coral oxygen isotope (d18O) data, and fossil and modern coral Sr/Ca data from near Kiritimati Island, eastern tropical Pacific. Living and fossil Porites sp. microatolls were collected at Kiritimati Island (1°50'N, 157°25'W). The well-preserved fossil coral (XM35) grew continuously for 175 years between ~4.2 and ~4.4 kyBP, as indicated by an average U-series age of 4,243 ± 9 years BP, and by clear annual d18O cycles and density bands. Skeletal d18O was measured in fossil coral XM35 at approximately monthly resolution. The age model for coral XM35 was established in the same way as for the modern coral microatoll record (XM22; McGregor et al. 2011), by assigning d18O maxima to early February. The d18O data were interpolated to give 12 values/year. The overall age model uncertainty for the coral time-series is estimated as ± 1 year. For comparison a compilation of Kiritimati Island modern coral d18O records (modern coral d18O stack; Evans et al., 1998; Woodroffe et al., 2003; McGregor et al., 2011), spanning March 1938 to May 2007 was constructed. Comparisons of the annual cycle were made using a sub-set of the modern coral d18O stack (WM_stack; Woodroffe et al., 2003; McGregor et al., 2011) modern coral d18O record for the period February 1978 to May 2007. Time series were broken down into Trend, Annual, and Residual (interannual) components, which occupy distinct spectral bins. Statistical analyses were performed on these components (Supplementary Methods). Coral XM35, age: ~4.3 kyBP, location: Kiritimati Island (01°44.212'N, 157°12.522'W). Coral Sr/Ca was measured on the youngest 30 years of coral microatoll XM35 (coral years 147-177), and for 1994-2007 in modern coral microatoll XM22 to verify the dominant contribution of SST to Kiritimati coral d18O in non-El Nino years. The within-run precision was +/- 0.02 mmol/mol (0.2% RSD). ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"13165"}