{"NOAAStudyId":"15794","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-12-20","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-15794.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":539,"earliestYearCE":1411,"entryId":"noaa-coral-15794","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Taiwan ROC NSC","fundingGrant":"100-2116-M-002-009"},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OCE-0202549, OCE-042349, OCE-0401810, OCE-0742217"}],"investigators":"Hereid, K.A.; Quinn, T.M.; Taylor, F.W.; Shen, C.-C.; Edwards, R.L.; Cheng, H.","mostRecentYearBP":5,"mostRecentYearCE":1945,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/15794","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) powers global interannual climate variability through changes in trade wind strength, temperature and salinity anomalies, sea level, and atmospheric circulation patterns. ENSO variability is well characterized in modern times, but instrumental records cannot fully describe natural ENSO variability due to the imprint of anthropogenic climate forcing. ENSO activity may also be affected by solar variability, but the response of ENSO to such changes is difficult to predict. We constructed a continuous, monthly resolved, spliced fossil Porites coral d18O and Sr/Ca record from Misima Island, Papua New Guinea, in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, spanning 233 yr (1411-1644 CE [Common Era]). The Misima coral record indicates that the surface ocean in this region experienced a small change in hydrologic balance with no change in temperature, extended periods of quiescence in El Niño activity, and no change in average amplitudes of El Niño events relative to signals captured in regional modern records. The reduced El Niño variability occurs during a known change in solar forcing, the initiation of the Little Ice Age. However, there is no clear relationship between the timing of changes in solar forcing and ENSO activity, implying that ENSO variability changes arise from internal dynamics. The century-scale switch between active and inactive El Niño states has not previously been recorded, and provides a new baseline for climate models and reconstructions.","author":{"name":"Kelly A. Hereid, Terrence M. Quinn, Frederick W. Taylor, Chuan-Chou Shen, R. Lawrence Edwards and Hai Cheng"},"citation":"Kelly A. Hereid, Terrence M. Quinn, Frederick W. Taylor, Chuan-Chou Shen, R. Lawrence Edwards and Hai Cheng. 2013. Coral record of reduced El Niño activity in the early 15th to middle 17th centuries. Geology, 41(1), 51-54. doi: 10.1130/G33510.1","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1130/G33510.1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/G33510.1"},"issue":"1","journal":"Geology","pages":"51-54","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Coral record of reduced El Niño activity in the early 15th to middle 17th centuries","type":"publication","volume":"41"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Little Ice Age (LIA)"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"55781","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-10.6907","152.8115"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"152.8115","maxElevationMeters":"0","minElevationMeters":"0","northernmostLatitude":"-10.6907","southernmostLatitude":"-10.6907","westernmostLongitude":"152.8115"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean>Melanesia>Papua New Guinea","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"25820","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013fossil-filtered.txt","linkText":"Compiled Fossil Data, filtered","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013FossilFiltered","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1411,"earliestYearBP":539,"earliestYearCE":1411,"mostRecentYear":1644,"mostRecentYearBP":306,"mostRecentYearCE":1644,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"25821","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013fossil-raw.txt","linkText":"Compiled Fossil Data, raw","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013FossilRaw","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1411,"earliestYearBP":539,"earliestYearCE":1411,"mostRecentYear":1644,"mostRecentYearBP":306,"mostRecentYearCE":1644,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"25822","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013fossil-resampled.txt","linkText":"Compiled Fossil Data, resampled","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013FossilResampled","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1411,"earliestYearBP":539,"earliestYearCE":1411,"mostRecentYear":1644,"mostRecentYearBP":306,"mostRecentYearCE":1644,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"25823","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mic-filtered.txt","linkText":"Modern sample MiC, filtered","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013MiCfiltered","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1916,"earliestYearBP":34,"earliestYearCE":1916,"mostRecentYear":1944,"mostRecentYearBP":6,"mostRecentYearCE":1944,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"25824","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/Misima2013.xlsx","linkText":"All Misima 2013 data series","urlDescription":"Excel format file","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mic-raw.txt","linkText":"Modern sample MiC, raw","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013MiCraw","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1916,"earliestYearBP":34,"earliestYearCE":1916,"mostRecentYear":1945,"mostRecentYearBP":5,"mostRecentYearCE":1945,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"25825","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mic-resampled.txt","linkText":"Modern sample MiC, resampled","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013MiCresampled","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1916,"earliestYearBP":34,"earliestYearCE":1916,"mostRecentYear":1944,"mostRecentYearBP":6,"mostRecentYearCE":1944,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"25826","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mif-raw.txt","linkText":"Fossil sample MiF, raw","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013MiFraw","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1555,"earliestYearBP":395,"earliestYearCE":1555,"mostRecentYear":1644,"mostRecentYearBP":306,"mostRecentYearCE":1644,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"25827","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mig-raw.txt","linkText":"Fossil sample MiG, raw","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"Misima2013MiGraw","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1411,"earliestYearBP":539,"earliestYearCE":1411,"mostRecentYear":1578,"mostRecentYearBP":372,"mostRecentYearCE":1578,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Misima"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Papua New Guinea 230 Year Fossil and Modern Coral Isotope and Sr/Ca Data","studyNotes":"Coral Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopes from a suite of fossil and near-modern Porites colonies were collected from storm deposits \nat Misima Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Nariam Village Reef. The data are analyzed to investigate mean climate changes \nand ENSO variability during the initiation of the Little Ice Age. The compiled fossil record is 233 years long, and the near-modern record \nis 28 years long. Analytical precision on stable isotopic determinations is 0.05 per mil for d18O, and 0.02 per mil for d13C (1sigma, n = 393). \nAnalytical precision for Sr/Ca ratios is 0.015 mmol/mol (1sigma).   Isotopic values are reported in delta notation relative to the Vienna \nPeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) isotopic standard. Notes:\nFossil samples MiF and MiG, age range: 1411.625-1644.625 CE.  Modern sample MiC, age range: 1916.958-1944.958 CE.\nResampled = linear resampling to monthly resolution.  Filtered = wavelet filter, 2-8 years.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"13617"}