{"NOAAStudyId":"16217","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-04-02","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-16217.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":217,"earliestYearCE":1733,"entryId":"noaa-coral-16217","funding":[],"investigators":"DeLong, K.L.; Flannery, J.A.; Poore, R.Z.; Quinn, T.M.; Maupin, C.R.; Lin, K.; Shen, C.-C.","mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16217","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"This study uses skeletal variations in coral Sr/Ca from three Siderastrea siderea coral colonies within the Dry Tortugas National Park in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico (24º42'N, 82º48'W) to reconstruct monthly sea surface temperature (SST) variations from 1734-2008 CE. Calibration and verification of the replicated coral Sr/Ca-SST reconstruction with local, regional, and historical temperature records reveals this proxy-temperature relationship is stable back to 1879 CE. The coral SST reconstruction contains robust interannual (~2.0ºC) and multidecadal variability (~1.5ºC) for the past 274 years, the latter of which does not covary with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO). Winter SST extremes are more variable than summer SST extremes (±2.2ºC vs. ±1.6ºC, 2σ) suggesting that Loop Current transport in the winter dominates variability on interannual and longer time scales. Summer SST maxima are increasing (+1.0ºC for 274 years, σMC = ±0.5 ºC, 2σ) whereas winter SST minima contain no significant trend. Colder decades (~1.5ºC) during the Little Ice Age (LIA) do not coincide with decades of sunspot minima. The coral SST reconstruction contains similar variability to temperature reconstructions from the northern Gulf of Mexico (planktic foraminifer Mg/Ca) and the Caribbean Sea (coral Sr/Ca) suggesting areal reductions in the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP) during the LIA. Mean summer coral SST extremes post-1985 CE (29.9ºC) exceeds the long-term summer average (29.2ºC for 1734-2008 CE) yet the warming trend after 1985 CE (0.04ºC for 24 years, σMC = ±0.5, 2σ) is not significant whereas Caribbean coral Sr/Ca studies contain a warming trend for this interval.","author":{"name":"DeLong, K.L., J. Flannery, R.Z. Poore, T.M. Quinn, C.R. Maupin, K. Lin, and C.-C. Shen"},"citation":"DeLong, K.L., J. Flannery, R.Z. Poore, T.M. Quinn, C.R. Maupin, K. Lin, and C.-C. Shen. 2014. A reconstruction of sea surface temperature variability in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico from 1734-2008 CE using cross-dated Sr/Ca records from the coral Siderastrea siderea. Paleoceanography. . doi: 10.1002/2013PA002524","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/2013PA002524","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002524"},"issue":null,"journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A reconstruction of sea surface temperature variability in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico from 1734-2008 CE using cross-dated Sr/Ca records from the coral Siderastrea siderea","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"55848","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["24.7","-82.8"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-82.8","maxElevationMeters":"-4","minElevationMeters":"-4","northernmostLatitude":"24.7","southernmostLatitude":"24.7","westernmostLongitude":"-82.8"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Gulf Of 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science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-tortugas.xlsx","linkText":"All Dry Tortugas Data","urlDescription":"Originally Contributed Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"DRYF1 and PLSF1 SST D14","dataTableNotes":"Monthly mean SST from NDBC www.ndbc.noaa.gov. Bouys: DRYF1 24.638 N 82.862 W and PLSF1\tStation PLSF1: 24.693N 82.773W","earliestYear":1992,"earliestYearBP":-42,"earliestYearCE":1992,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26444","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-dtlight.txt","linkText":"Dry Tortugas Lighthouse SST Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>collection date"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"in situ data logger","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-tortugas.xlsx","linkText":"All Dry Tortugas Data","urlDescription":"Originally Contributed Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Tortugas Lighthouse SST D14","dataTableNotes":"Historical SST data recorded daily by the lighthouse keeper stationed on Loggerhead Key in the Dry Tortugas originally given as 10-day averages in the report of Vaughan(1918).","earliestYear":1879,"earliestYearBP":71,"earliestYearCE":1879,"mostRecentYear":1907,"mostRecentYearBP":43,"mostRecentYearCE":1907,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26669","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-masterSST.txt","linkText":"Master SST Reconstruction Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 1971-2000 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"filtered using a 7 month low pass finite impulse response","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 1971-2000 AD, filtered using a 7 month low pass finite impulse response\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 1971-2000 AD, filtered using a 7 month low pass finite impulse response\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 1971-2000 AD, filtered using a 7 month low pass finite impulse response\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 1971-2000 AD, filtered using a 7 month low pass finite impulse response\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"monthly","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-tortugas.xlsx","linkText":"All Dry Tortugas Data","urlDescription":"Originally Contributed Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Tortugas SST D14","dataTableNotes":"Dry Tortugas Master SST reconstruction, which is an average of all colonies; 08PS-A, 08PS-F1, and 93DRYSS2.\r\n","earliestYear":1734,"earliestYearBP":216,"earliestYearCE":1734,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Dry Tortugas National Park"},{"NOAASiteId":"55849","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["24.55","-81.75"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-81.75","maxElevationMeters":"-4","minElevationMeters":"-4","northernmostLatitude":"24.55","southernmostLatitude":"24.55","westernmostLongitude":"-81.75"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Florida","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26443","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-keyw-temp.txt","linkText":"Key West Int'l Airport Air Temp Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>collection date"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"in situ data logger","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-tortugas.xlsx","linkText":"All Dry Tortugas Data","urlDescription":"Originally Contributed Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Key West Temp D14","dataTableNotes":"Data from the US Historical Climatology Network: Key West Int'l Airport (COOPID 84570).","earliestYear":1895,"earliestYearBP":55,"earliestYearCE":1895,"mostRecentYear":2008,"mostRecentYearBP":-58,"mostRecentYearCE":2008,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Key West Int'l Airport"},{"NOAASiteId":"55850","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["24.454","-81.877"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-81.877","maxElevationMeters":"-4","minElevationMeters":"-4","northernmostLatitude":"24.454","southernmostLatitude":"24.454","westernmostLongitude":"-81.877"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Gulf Of Mexico","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26442","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-san-sst.txt","linkText":"Sand Key Buoy SST Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"in situ data logger","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"in situ data logger","cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/delong2014/delong2014-tortugas.xlsx","linkText":"All Dry Tortugas Data","urlDescription":"Originally Contributed Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"SANF1 SST D14","dataTableNotes":"Monthly mean SST from NDBC www.ndbc.noaa.gov. Bouy: SANF1 24.454 N 81.877 W","earliestYear":1991,"earliestYearBP":-41,"earliestYearCE":1991,"mostRecentYear":2005,"mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Sand Key, FL"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Dry Tortugas National Park Coral Sr/Ca data for 1734 to 2008","studyNotes":"The data set contains the ratio of strontium-to-calcium (Sr/Ca) for three Atlantic coral colonies (Siderastrea siderea) from the Dry Tortugas National \r\nPark (centered on 24.7°N, 82.8°W) in the Gulf of Mexico that were cross-dated into one continuous chronology. Two cores (08PS-A2 and 08PS-F1) had dead \r\ntops thus unknown ages and these cores were uranium-thorium (U-Th) dated. Samples for geochemical analysis were extracted from each slab surface using \r\na computer-driven tri-axial micromill system [Quinn et al., 1996] with a 1.0 mm diameter dental drill bit that moves in a continuous manner for the user \r\ndefined sampling increment (Table A1 in DeLong et al., 2014) extracting approximately monthly samples with a 1 mm sampling depth. Sampling paths were selected \r\nparallel to the extending corallites along the synapticulothecal corallite wall; the optimal sampling location for this species [Maupin et al., 2008; \r\nDeLong et al., 2011]. Multiple paths were sampled to assess intracolony variability.\r\n\r\nCoral Sr/Ca determinations were made using a PerkinElmer 4300 Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) at the University of Texas (UT) \r\nat Austin and a PerkinElmer 7300 ICP-OES at the USGS Coastal and Marine Science Center in St. Petersburg, FL. A laboratory internal gravimetrical standard (IGS) \r\nwas measured before and after each dissolved coral sample to correct for instrumental drift. The average drift corrected IGS precision for Sr/Ca was \r\n0.025 mmol mol–1 (2s, n = 862; UT) and 0.024 mmol mol–1 (2s, n = 212; USGS). The average drift corrected precision for Sr/Ca of a coral standard (PL) was \r\n0.030 mmol mol–1 (2s, n = 1194; UT) and 0.039 mmol mol–1 (2s, n = 286; USGS). The values determined for these standards at both laboratories are consistent \r\nwithin analytical error. The coeval paths were averaged together to produce mean Sr/Ca variations for each core. The core records were averaged into a master \r\nchronology using the cross-dated and U-Th dates for chronology control and the standard error of the mean for each month was determined for assigning weights \r\nin linear regression.\r\n\r\nThe master coral Sr/Ca variations were calibrated using weighted least squares linear regression with local sea surface temperature (SST) records from NOAA \r\nNational Data Buoy Center (NDBC; www.ndbc.noaa.gov) DRYF1 and PLSF1, and then verified with NDBC buoy SANF1, NOAA Surface Air temperature from Key West, FL and \r\nSST from historical records from the Dry Tortugas Lighthouse.\r\n\r\nThe dataset contains two spreadsheets, one labeled \"Data colonies calibration\" and the other \"Data master reconstruction.\" The “Data colonies calibration” dataset \r\ncontains the coral Sr/Ca variations assigned to monthly intervals from four cores sampled in this study (08PS-A1, 08PS-A2, 08PS-F1, and 93DRYSS2). The master \r\nchronology is the average of the three colonies (08PS-A, 08PS-F1, and 93DRYSS2) and the colony 08PS-A is the average of the two cores from that colony \r\n(08PS-A1 and 08PS-A2). Each core record is comprised of the average between paths in that core. The coral Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) for each core with the number of \r\nsamples for that core and standard error of the mean for each month are given in this dataset. Additionally, the SST data used for calibration and verification \r\nare given with their respective errors for weighted least squares regression. The SST data includes Monthly mean SST from NDBC (www.ndbc.noaa.gov) buoys DRYF1 \r\nand PLSF1 (collectively referred to as DRTO SST) and SANF1; Monthly mean Surface Air Temperature (ºC) from Key West (COOPID 84570) US Historical Climatology \r\nNetwork, and Dry Tortugas Lighthouse Monthly mean SST (ºC) from Vaughan 1918. These are the results shown in Figures 3 and 4 in DeLong et al., 2014.\r\n\r\nThe \"Data master reconstruction\" dataset contains the master chronology coral Sr/Ca variations assigned to monthly intervals with the reconstructed SST, SST \r\nanomalies (SSTA; determined as mean monthly SST with respect to the interval from 1971-2000), mean annual SST, summer maximum SST, winter minimum SST, and \r\nerror of regression for each month based on the number of colonies sampled for that month (Table 5 in DeLong et al., 2014). Additionally, the 7-month and \r\n36-month filtered SSTA with their respectively error of regressions are given. These are the results shown in Figures 4 and 5 in DeLong et al., 2014.\r\n\r\nThe \"Extensions\" dataset contains the annual linear extensions for each core determined from the coral Sr/Ca variations from each February-to-February. \r\nFor cores with multiple paths, these are the average extensions between the paths from that core. These are the results shown in Figures 3d and Appendices \r\nin DeLong et al., 2014.\r\n\r\nThis coral Sr/Ca record updates the previous NOAA contribution, https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:11935, for cores 08PS-F1 and 08PS-A1.\r\n ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"13945"}