{"NOAAStudyId":"16316","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-04-07","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-16316.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":155,"earliestYearCE":1795,"entryId":"noaa-coral-16316","funding":[],"investigators":"Zinke, J.; Rountrey, A.; Feng, M.; Xie, S.-P.; Dissard, D.; Rankenburg, K.; Lough, J.M.; McCulloch, M.T.","mostRecentYearBP":-60,"mostRecentYearCE":2010,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16316","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Kuhnert, H., J. Pätzold, B. Hatcher, K.-H. Wyrwoll, A. Eisenhauer, L.B. Collins, Z.R. Zhu, and G. Wefer"},"citation":"Kuhnert, H., J. Pätzold, B. Hatcher, K.-H. Wyrwoll, A. Eisenhauer, L.B. Collins, Z.R. Zhu, and G. Wefer. 1999. A 200-year coral stable oxygen isotope record from a high-latitude reef off Western Australia. Coral Reefs, 18, 1-12. doi: 10.1007/s003380050147","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s003380050147","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050147"},"issue":null,"journal":"Coral Reefs","pages":"1-12","pubRank":"2","pubYear":1999,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A 200-year coral stable oxygen isotope record from a high-latitude reef off Western Australia","type":"publication","volume":"18"},{"abstract":"Variability of the Leeuwin current (LC) off Western Australia is a footprint of interannual and decadal climate variations in the tropical Indo-Pacific. La Niña events often result in a strengthened LC, high coastal sea levels and unusually warm sea surface temperatures (SSTs), termed Ningaloo Niño. The rarity of such extreme events and the response of the southeastern Indian Ocean to regional and remote climate forcing are poorly understood owing to the lack of long-term records. Here we use well-replicated coral SST records from within the path of the LC, together with a reconstruction of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation to hindcast historical SST and LC strength from 1795 to 2010. We show that interannual and decadal variations in SST and LC strength characterized the past 215 years and that the most extreme sea level and SST anomalies occurred post 1980. These recent events were unprecedented in severity and are likely aided by accelerated global ocean warming and sea-level rise.","author":{"name":"Zinke, J., A. Rountrey, M. Feng, S.P. Xie, D. Dissard, K. Rankenburg, J. Lough, and M.T. McCulloch"},"citation":"Zinke, J., A. Rountrey, M. Feng, S.P. Xie, D. Dissard, K. Rankenburg, J. Lough, and M.T. McCulloch. 2014. Corals record long-term Leeuwin Current variability including Ningaloo Niño/Niña since 1795. Nature Communications, 5, 3607. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4607","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/ncomms4607","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4607"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Communications","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":"3607","title":"Corals record long-term Leeuwin Current variability including Ningaloo Niño/Niña since 1795","type":"publication","volume":"5"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["ENSO","Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction","Sea Level Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"1860","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-28.47","113.77"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"113.77","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-28.47","southernmostLatitude":"-28.47","westernmostLongitude":"113.77"}},"locationName":"Continent>Australia/New Zealand>Australia","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26329","coreLengthMeters":1,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>trace metals"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/zinke2014/zinke2014-hab05b.txt","linkText":"HAB05B Sr/Ca ","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 900-1993 AD","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"HAB05B Sr/Ca Z14","dataTableNotes":"Water Depth: 3.5 m","earliestYear":1798,"earliestYearBP":152,"earliestYearCE":1798,"mostRecentYear":2010,"mostRecentYearBP":-60,"mostRecentYearCE":2010,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26330","coreLengthMeters":1,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>trace metals"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/zinke2014/zinke2014-hab10a.txt","linkText":"HAB10A Sr/Ca and d18O","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 900-1993 AD","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 900-1993 AD","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"HAB10A Sr/Ca d18O Z14","dataTableNotes":"Water Depth: 8.5 m","earliestYear":1847,"earliestYearBP":103,"earliestYearCE":1847,"mostRecentYear":2010,"mostRecentYearBP":-60,"mostRecentYearCE":2010,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26331","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>trace metals"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/zinke2014/zinke2014-hai.txt","linkText":"Houtman Abrolhos Is. Coral Composite SST","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 900-1993 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 900-1993 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 900-1993 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 900-1993 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"composite of normalized coral time series of delta 18O and Sr/Ca from Porites sp.","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"}]}],"dataTableName":"HAI Composite Z14","dataTableNotes":"From Zinke et al.(2014): a 215-year record of reconstructed mean annual SST is derived from coral δ18O and/or Sr/Ca variations in three cores from the HAIs (Figs 1a, 2a–c; Supplementary Figs 2–5; Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). In brief, we first, normalized (subtract mean and divide by s.d.) each individual coral record to its variance using the time period 1900–1993 shared by all cores; second, aligned the new annually resolved Sr/Ca and δ18O records with the Kuhnert et al.12 annual time series, and third, averaged all records to form a composite chronology that extends from 1795 to 2010. We converted our normalized coral composite proxy record to SST by scaling it to the s.d. of extended reconstructed SST (ERSST)v3b17 (over the period 1900–1993), the longest continuous SST data set for the HAI region.","earliestYear":1798,"earliestYearBP":152,"earliestYearCE":1798,"mostRecentYear":2010,"mostRecentYearBP":-60,"mostRecentYearCE":2010,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26332","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/zinke2014/zinke2014-kuhn.txt","linkText":"d18O Data from Kuhnert et al. 1999","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"normalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Kuhnert99 d18O Z14","dataTableNotes":"Data from Kuhnert et al.(1999).","earliestYear":1795,"earliestYearBP":155,"earliestYearCE":1795,"mostRecentYear":1993,"mostRecentYearBP":-43,"mostRecentYearCE":1993,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Houtman Abrolhos Islands"},{"NOAASiteId":"55831","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-32.05","115.743"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"115.743","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-32.05","southernmostLatitude":"-32.05","westernmostLongitude":"115.743"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26328","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/zinke2014/zinke2014-fsl.txt","linkText":"Fremantle Sea Level Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"anomalized to 900-1993 AD, detrended over length of record\"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydrographic variable>sea level"}]}],"dataTableName":"Fremantle SL Z14","dataTableNotes":"See Zinke et al. 2014 paper for sea level reconstruction methodology","earliestYear":1795,"earliestYearBP":155,"earliestYearCE":1795,"mostRecentYear":2009,"mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Fremantle"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Houtman Abrolhos Island Sr/Ca, Oxygen Isotopes, SST and Sea-Level Reconstruction Data from 1795-2010","studyNotes":"The dataset contains mean annual Sr/Ca and oxygen isotope data, SST reconstructions and sea-level reconstructions relative to the 1900-1993 mean.\n\nKeywords provided: Southeastern Indian Ocean, Sr/Ca, stable isotopes, SST, sea-level height","version":"1.0","xmlId":"14042"}