{"NOAAStudyId":"16438","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-05-08","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-16438.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":290,"earliestYearCE":1660,"entryId":"noaa-coral-16438","funding":[],"investigators":"Zinke, J.; Loveday, B.; Reason, C.; Dullo, W.-C.; Kroon, D.","mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16438","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The Agulhas Current (AC) is the strongest western boundary current in the Southern Hemisphere and is key for weather and climate patterns, both regionally and globally. Its heat transfer into both the midlatitude South Indian Ocean and South Atlantic is of global significance. A new composite coral record (Ifaty and Tulear massive Porites corals), is linked to historical AC sea surface temperature (SST) instrumental data, showing robust correlations. The composite coral SST data start in 1660 and comprise 200 years more than the AC instrumental record. Numerical modelling exhibits that this new coral derived SST record is representative for the wider core region of the AC. AC SSTs variabilities show distinct cooling through the Little Ice Age and warming during the late 18th, 19th and 20th century, with significant decadal variability superimposed. Furthermore, the AC SSTs are teleconnected with the broad southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans, showing that the AC system ! is pivotal for inter-ocean heat exchange south of Africa.","author":{"name":"Zinke, J., B. Loveday, C. Reason, W.-C. Dullo, and D. Kroon"},"citation":"Zinke, J., B. Loveday, C. Reason, W.-C. Dullo, and D. Kroon. 2014. Madagascar corals track sea surface temperature variability in the Agulhas Current core region over the past 334 years. Scientific Reports, 4, 4393. doi: 10.1038/srep04393","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/srep04393","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04393"},"issue":null,"journal":"Scientific Reports","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":"4393","title":"Madagascar corals track sea surface temperature variability in the Agulhas Current core region over the past 334 years","type":"publication","volume":"4"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"1945","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-23.15","43.58"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"43.58","maxElevationMeters":"-1","minElevationMeters":"-1","northernmostLatitude":"-23.15","southernmostLatitude":"-23.15","westernmostLongitude":"43.58"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean>Madagascar","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26549","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth 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March-February.","earliestYear":1660,"earliestYearBP":290,"earliestYearCE":1660,"mostRecentYear":1994,"mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26550","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/indian_ocean/zinke2014-sr/zinke2014-sr-ifaty1.txt","linkText":"Ifaty Reef Core 1 d18O Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Ifaty-1 d18O Z14","dataTableNotes":"Annual mean is from March-February.","earliestYear":1882,"earliestYearBP":68,"earliestYearCE":1882,"mostRecentYear":1994,"mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Ifaty Reef"},{"NOAASiteId":"55889","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-23.357167","-23.142967","43.583067","43.619483"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"43.619483","maxElevationMeters":"-1","minElevationMeters":"-1","northernmostLatitude":"-23.142967","southernmostLatitude":"-23.357167","westernmostLongitude":"43.583067"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean>Madagascar","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26551","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/indian_ocean/zinke2014-sr/zinke2014-sr-sst.txt","linkText":"Ifaty and Tulear Reef SST Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"anomalized to 1961-1990 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 18O","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":"annual>Mar-Feb","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"Ifaty and Tulear SST Z14","dataTableNotes":"Composite d18O SST anomaly record from Ifaty-1, Ifaty-4 and Tulear-3 cores vs. 1961-90.","earliestYear":1660,"earliestYearBP":290,"earliestYearCE":1660,"mostRecentYear":1994,"mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Ifaty and Tulear Reefs"},{"NOAASiteId":"55890","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-23.357167","43.619483"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"43.619483","maxElevationMeters":"-1","minElevationMeters":"-1","northernmostLatitude":"-23.357167","southernmostLatitude":"-23.357167","westernmostLongitude":"43.619483"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Indian Ocean>Madagascar","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26548","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/indian_ocean/zinke2014-sr/zinke2014-sr-tulear3.txt","linkText":"Tulear Reef Core 3 d18O Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Tulear-3 d18O Z14","dataTableNotes":"Annual mean is from March-February.","earliestYear":1905,"earliestYearBP":45,"earliestYearCE":1905,"mostRecentYear":1994,"mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Tulear Reef"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Southwest Madagascar Coral 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