{"NOAAStudyId":"16557","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2014-06-06","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-16557.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":6223,"earliestYearCE":-4273,"entryId":"noaa-coral-16557","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Australian Research Council  ","fundingGrant":"FL100100195"},{"fundingAgency":"Australian Institute of Marine Science","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Lough, J.M.; Llewellyn, L.E.; Lewis, S.E.; Turney, C.S.M.; Palmer, J.G.; Cook, C.G.; Hogg, A.G.","mostRecentYearBP":-63,"mostRecentYearCE":2013,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/16557","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Summer monsoon rainfall in northeastern (NE) Australia exhibits substantial inter-annual variability resulting in highly variable river flows. The occurrence and magnitude of these seasonal river flows are reliably recorded in modern inshore corals as luminescent lines. Here we present reconstructed annual river flows for two ~120-year mid-Holocene windows based on luminescence measurements from five cores obtained from three separate coral colonies. We were able to cross-date the luminescence signatures in four cores from two of the colonies, providing confidence in the derived reconstruction. Present day NE Australian rainfall and river flow are sensitive to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability, with La Niña (El Niño) events typically associated with wetter (drier) monsoon seasons. Thus, our replicated and annually-resolved coral records provide valuable insights into the northern Australian summer monsoon and ENSO variability at a key period (6?ka) when greenhouse gas levels and ice sheet cover were comparable to the pre-industrial period but orbital forcing was different. Average modern and mid-Holocene growth characteristics were very similar, suggesting that sea surface temperatures off NE Australia at 6ky were also close to present values. The reconstructed river flow record suggests, however, that the mid-Holocene Australian summer monsoon was weaker, less variable from year-to-year (possibly indicative of reduced ENSO variability) and characterised by more within-season flood pulses than present. In contrast to today, the delivery of moisture appears to have been dominated by eastward propagating convective coupled waves associated with the Madden-Julian Oscillation.","author":{"name":"Lough, J.M., L.E. Llewellyn, S.E. Lewis, C.S.M. Turney, J.G. Palmer, C.G. Cook and A.G. Hogg"},"citation":"Lough, J.M., L.E. Llewellyn, S.E. Lewis, C.S.M. Turney, J.G. Palmer, C.G. Cook and A.G. Hogg. 2014. Evidence for suppressed mid-Holocene northeastern Australian monsoon variability from coral luminescence. Paleoceanography, 29. doi: 10.1002/2014PA002630","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/2014PA002630","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014PA002630"},"issue":null,"journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2014,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Evidence for suppressed mid-Holocene northeastern Australian monsoon variability from coral luminescence","type":"publication","volume":"29"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["ENSO","Streamflow Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"55950","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-19.2","146.9"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"146.9","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-19.2","southernmostLatitude":"-19.2","westernmostLongitude":"146.9"}},"locationName":"Continent>Australia/New Zealand>Australia>Queensland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"26718","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel01d.txt","linkText":"NEL01D Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL01D Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":"Year 0 is the last dateable year at the outer- most  (youngest)  surface  of  NEL01D  which was ~2cm from the colony surface. There is a 7 year gap in the NEL01D record (Years 68 to 74) associated with a growth hiatus-the length of the gap was determined from an adjacent core. Allowing for the 60 year gap identified by radiocarbon  dating (section 3.1), years for cores from NEL03 and NEL07 are dated relative to Year 0 of NEL01D.","earliestYear":6038,"earliestYearBP":6038,"earliestYearCE":-4088,"mostRecentYear":5918,"mostRecentYearBP":5918,"mostRecentYearCE":-3968,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26719","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel03a.txt","linkText":"NEL03A Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL03A Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":"Year 0 is the last dateable year at the outer- most  (youngest)  surface  of  NEL01D  which was ~2cm from the colony surface. There is a 7 year gap in the NEL01D record (Years 68 to 74) associated with a growth hiatus-the length of the gap was determined from an adjacent core. Allowing for the 60 year gap identified by radiocarbon  dating (section 3.1), years for cores from NEL03 and NEL07 are dated relative to Year 0 of NEL01D.","earliestYear":6208,"earliestYearBP":6208,"earliestYearCE":-4258,"mostRecentYear":6142,"mostRecentYearBP":6142,"mostRecentYearCE":-4192,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26720","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel03d.txt","linkText":"NEL03D Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL03D Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":"Year 0 is the last dateable year at the outer- most  (youngest)  surface  of  NEL01D  which was ~2cm from the colony surface. There is a 7 year gap in the NEL01D record (Years 68 to 74) associated with a growth hiatus-the length of the gap was determined from an adjacent core. Allowing for the 60 year gap identified by radiocarbon  dating (section 3.1), years for cores from NEL03 and NEL07 are dated relative to Year 0 of NEL01D.","earliestYear":6223,"earliestYearBP":6223,"earliestYearCE":-4273,"mostRecentYear":6144,"mostRecentYearBP":6144,"mostRecentYearCE":-4194,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26721","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel07b.txt","linkText":"NEL07B Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL07B Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":"Year 0 is the last dateable year at the outer- most  (youngest)  surface  of  NEL01D  which was ~2cm from the colony surface. There is a 7 year gap in the NEL01D record (Years 68 to 74) associated with a growth hiatus-the length of the gap was determined from an adjacent core. Allowing for the 60 year gap identified by radiocarbon  dating (section 3.1), years for cores from NEL03 and NEL07 are dated relative to Year 0 of NEL01D.","earliestYear":6204,"earliestYearBP":6204,"earliestYearCE":-4254,"mostRecentYear":6098,"mostRecentYearBP":6098,"mostRecentYearCE":-4148,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26722","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel07c.txt","linkText":"NEL07C Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL07C Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":"Year 0 is the last dateable year at the outer- most  (youngest)  surface  of  NEL01D  which was ~2cm from the colony surface. There is a 7 year gap in the NEL01D record (Years 68 to 74) associated with a growth hiatus-the length of the gap was determined from an adjacent core. Allowing for the 60 year gap identified by radiocarbon  dating (section 3.1), years for cores from NEL03 and NEL07 are dated relative to Year 0 of NEL01D.","earliestYear":6204,"earliestYearBP":6204,"earliestYearCE":-4254,"mostRecentYear":6109,"mostRecentYearBP":6109,"mostRecentYearCE":-4159,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26723","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel29a.txt","linkText":"NEL29A Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL29A Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1952,"earliestYearBP":-2,"earliestYearCE":1952,"mostRecentYear":2002,"mostRecentYearBP":-52,"mostRecentYearCE":2002,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26724","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel35a.txt","linkText":"NEL35A Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL35A Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1971,"earliestYearBP":-21,"earliestYearCE":1971,"mostRecentYear":2002,"mostRecentYearBP":-52,"mostRecentYearCE":2002,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26725","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-nel39b.txt","linkText":"NEL39B Luminescence","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"luminescence spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"electromagnetic property>luminescence"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEL39B Luminescence L14","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1972,"earliestYearBP":-22,"earliestYearCE":1972,"mostRecentYear":2002,"mostRecentYearBP":-52,"mostRecentYearCE":2002,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26726","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-burdekin-mod.txt","linkText":"Burdekin River Flow Observed and Modern Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"exponential regression","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>physical measurement>luminescence","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual>Oct-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"cubic kilometer","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>streamflow"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSTRUMENTAL","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"cubic kilometer","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>streamflow"}]}],"dataTableName":"Burdekin River Flow Modern L14","dataTableNotes":"October-September Burdekin River flow was estimated from the modern three-core average luminescence series using an exponential regression  [Isdale et al.,1998] model (Burdekin =-0.231+exp((0.437)+(4.324*coral))), 1972 to 2002.","earliestYear":1922,"earliestYearBP":28,"earliestYearCE":1922,"mostRecentYear":2013,"mostRecentYearBP":-63,"mostRecentYearCE":2013,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26727","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-burdekin-nel01.txt","linkText":"Burdekin River Flow NEL01 Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"exponential regression","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>physical measurement>luminescence","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual>Oct-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"cubic kilometer","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>streamflow"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"Burdekin River Flow NEL01 L14","dataTableNotes":"October-September Burdekin River flow was estimated from the modern three-core average luminescence series using an exponential regression  [Isdale et al.,1998] model (Burdekin =-0.231+exp((0.437)+(4.324*coral))), 1972 to 2002.","earliestYear":6038,"earliestYearBP":6038,"earliestYearCE":-4088,"mostRecentYear":5918,"mostRecentYearBP":5918,"mostRecentYearCE":-3968,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"26728","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lough2014/lough2014-burdekin-nel03-07.txt","linkText":"Burdekin River Flow NEL03 and NEL07 Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"exponential regression","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>physical measurement>luminescence","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual>Oct-Sep","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"cubic kilometer","cvWhat":"earth system variable>hydroclimatic variable>hydroclimate rate>streamflow"}]}],"dataTableName":"Burdekin River Flow NEL03-07 L14","dataTableNotes":"October-September Burdekin River flow was estimated from the modern three-core average luminescence series using an exponential regression   [Isdale et al.,1998] model (Burdekin =-0.231+exp((0.437)+(4.324*coral))), 1972 to 2002. ","earliestYear":6223,"earliestYearBP":6223,"earliestYearCE":-4273,"mostRecentYear":6098,"mostRecentYearBP":6098,"mostRecentYearCE":-4148,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Australia"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island, Australia Mid-Holocene and Modern Coral Luminescence Data and Burdekin River Flow Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Radiocarbon dating of contiguous decadal-length segments through NEL03D and NEL07B provided an absolutely dated chronology with a calendar age that spans 6223 to 6098 yr BP.\nThis appears to have been followed by a 60-year gap with NEL01D dated to 6038 to 5918 yr BP. Based on this dating, we assigned Year 0 to the last dated year at the outer edge of NEL01D (i.e. 5918 yr BP). Allowing for the 60-year gap, the youngest year of NEL07B was assigned Year 188 and the oldest year of NEL03D was assigned Year 313.\nCross-dating of cores also showed that NEL07 died 44 years after NEL03. Thus, we obtained four time series of coral luminescence from two colonies (NEL03 and NEL07) which could be precisely related to each other and overlapped for 61 years (Years 294 to 234) and a single time series from colony NEL01 for Years 128 to 0.\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"14274"}