{"NOAAStudyId":"20247","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-06-09","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/coral-sclerosponge","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-coral-20247.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":60,"earliestYearCE":1890,"entryId":"noaa-coral-20247","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","fundingGrant":"NER/GR3/12021"},{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OCE-9158496, EaSM2-1243125"},{"fundingAgency":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","fundingGrant":"NA16RC008, NA08OAR4310682"},{"fundingAgency":"Department of Energy","fundingGrant":"DE-FC02-97ER62402"},{"fundingAgency":"Philanthropic Education Organization","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Thompson, D.M.; Cole, J.E.","mostRecentYearBP":-40,"mostRecentYearCE":1990,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20247","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Cole, J.E., R.G. Fairbanks, and G.T. Shen"},"citation":"Cole, J.E., R.G. Fairbanks, and G.T. Shen. 1993. \r\nThe Spectrum of Recent Variability in the Southern Oscillation: \r\nResults from a Tarawa Atoll Coral. \r\nScience, Vol. 260, no. 5115, pp. 1790-1793, 18 June 1993. \r\nDOI:10.1126/science.260.5115.1790 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.260.5115.1790 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5115.1790 "},"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"2","pubYear":1993,"reportNumber":null,"title":"The Spectrum of Recent Variability in the Southern Oscillation:  Results from a Tarawa Atoll Coral.","type":"publication","volume":null},{"abstract":"Of the rise in global atmospheric temperature over the past century, nearly 30% occurred between 1910 and 1940 when anthropogenic forcings were relatively weak. This early warming has been attributed to internal factors, such as natural climate variability in the Atlantic region, and external factors, such as solar variability and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the warming is too large to be explained by external factors alone and it precedes Atlantic warming by over a decade. For the late twentieth century, observations and climate model simulations suggest that Pacific trade winds can modulate global temperatures, but instrumental data are scarce in the early twentieth century. Here we present a westerly wind reconstruction (1894-1982) from seasonally resolved measurements of Mn/Ca ratios in a western Pacific coral that tracks interannual to multidecadal Pacific climate variability. We then reconstruct central Pacific temperatures using Sr/Ca ratios in a coral from Jarvis Island, and find that weak trade winds and warm temperatures coincide with rapid global warming from 1910 to 1940. In contrast, winds are stronger and temperatures cooler between 1940 and 1970, when global temperature rise slowed down. We suggest that variations in Pacific wind strength at decadal timescales significantly influence the rate of surface air temperature change.","author":{"name":"Thompson, D.M., Cole, J.E., Shen, G.T., Tudhope, A.W., and Meehl, G.A."},"citation":"Thompson, D.M., Cole, J.E., Shen, G.T., Tudhope, A.W., and Meehl, G.A. 2015. Early twentieth-century warming linked to tropical Pacific wind strength. Nature Geoscience, 8, 117-121. doi: 10.1038/ngeo2321","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1038/ngeo2321","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2321"},"issue":null,"journal":"Nature Geoscience","pages":"117-121","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Early twentieth-century warming linked to tropical Pacific wind strength","type":"publication","volume":"8"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["ENSO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"1850","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["1.33","172.97"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"172.97","maxElevationMeters":"-6","minElevationMeters":"-6","northernmostLatitude":"1.33","southernmostLatitude":"1.33","westernmostLongitude":"172.97"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Central Pacific Ocean>Kiribati","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30890","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>trace metals","earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/central_pacific/thompson2015/thompson2015-tarawa.txt","linkText":"Tarawa Atoll Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"westerly wind anomaly index; 10-year sum of quarterly Mn/Ca with a Z-score  = 1; 85th percentile","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>manganese/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"earth system variable>circulation variable>wind speed"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"raw","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"nanomole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>manganese/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil PDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Tarawa Thompson15","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1894,"earliestYearBP":56,"earliestYearCE":1894,"mostRecentYear":1982,"mostRecentYearBP":-32,"mostRecentYearCE":1982,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Tarawa Atoll"},{"NOAASiteId":"56803","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-.37167","-159.983"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-159.983","maxElevationMeters":"-4","minElevationMeters":"-4","northernmostLatitude":"-0.37167","southernmostLatitude":"-0.37167","westernmostLongitude":"-159.983"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>Central Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"30891","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>corals and sclerosponges>trace metals"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/central_pacific/thompson2015/thompson2015-jarvis.txt","linkText":"Jarvis Island Data","urlDescription":"Formatted Text File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year smoothed and detrended","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"smoothed","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"10 year smoothed and detrended","cvDataType":"CORALS AND SCLEROSPONGES","cvDetail":"detrended","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>coral>Porites sp.","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimole per mole","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>strontium/calcium"}]}],"dataTableName":"Jarvis Island Thompson15","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1890,"earliestYearBP":60,"earliestYearCE":1890,"mostRecentYear":1990,"mostRecentYearBP":-40,"mostRecentYearCE":1990,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Jarvis Island"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Tarawa Atoll Mn/Ca, westerly wind index, and d18O Data and Jarvis Island Sr/Ca Data from 1890-1982","studyNotes":"Tarawa westerly wind reconstruction (1894-1982) from seasonally resolved measurements of Mn/Ca ratios. Mn/Ca measurement precision- 1s : ±1.6-2 nmol Mn/ mol Ca, d18O measurement precision- ±0.08 per mil. Jarvis Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) 10-year smoothed & detrended for comparison with Tarawa westerly wind reconstruction. Sr/Ca measurement precision- 1s : ±0.044 mmol/mol for in-house coral std.\r\n      Provided Keywords: Trade winds, ENSO, Hiatus","version":"1.0","xmlId":"18023"}