{"NOAAStudyId":"2231","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2001-01-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"FIRE HISTORY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/fire-history","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-fire-2231.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":470,"earliestYearCE":1480,"entryId":"noaa-fire-2231","funding":[],"investigators":"Heyerdahl, E.K.; Brubaker, L.B.; Agee, J.K.","mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/2231","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Our objective was to infer the controls of spatial variation in historical fire regimes. We reconstructed a multicentury history of fire frequency, size, season, and severity from fire scars and establishment dates of 1426 trees sampled on grids in four watersheds (-64 plots, over -1620 ha each) representative of the Blue Mountains, Oregon and Washington, USA. The influence of regional climate, a top-down control, was inferred from among-watershed variation in fire regimes, while the influence of local topography, a bottom-up control, was inferred from within-watershed variation. Before about 1900, fire regimes varied among and within watersheds, suggesting that both top-down and bottom-up controls were important. At the regional scale, dry forests (dominated by ponderosa pine), burned twice as frequently and earlier in the growing season in southern watersheds than in northern watersheds, consistent with longer and drier fire seasons to the south. Mesic forests (dominated by subalpine fir or grand fir) probably also burned more frequently to the south. At the local scale, fire frequency varied with different parameters of topography in watersheds with steep terrain, but not in the watershed with gentle terrain. Frequency varied with aspect in watersheds where topographic facets are separated by significant barriers to fire spread, but not in watersheds where such facets interfinger without fire barriers. Frequency varied with elevation where elevation and aspect interact to create gradients in snow-cover duration and also where steep talus interrupts fuel continuity. Frequency did not vary with slope within any watershed. The presence of both regional-scale and local-scale variation in the Blue Mountains suggests that top-down and bottom-up controls were both important and acted simultaneously to influence fire regimes in the past. However, an abrupt decline in fire frequency around 1900 was much greater than any regional or local variation in the previous several centuries and indicates that 20th-century fire regimes in these watersheds were dramatically affected by additional controls such as livestock grazing and fire suppression. Our results demonstrate the usefulness of examining spatial variation in historical fire regimes across scales as a means for inferring their controls.","author":{"name":"Heyerdahl, E.K., L.B. Brubaker, and J.K. Agee"},"citation":"Heyerdahl, E.K., L.B. Brubaker, and J.K. Agee. 2001. Spatial controls of historical fire regimes:  a multiscale example from the Interior West, USA. Ecology, 82, 660-678. ","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Ecology","pages":"660-678","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2001,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Spatial controls of historical fire regimes:  a multiscale example from the Interior West, USA","type":"publication","volume":"82"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Heyerdahl, E.K."},"citation":"Heyerdahl, E.K. 1997. Spatial and temporal variation in historical fire regimes of the Blue Mountains, Oregon and Washington:  the influence of climate.  Ph.D. dissertation.  Seattle:  University of Washington.  224 p.","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Thesis","pages":null,"pubRank":"2","pubYear":1997,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Spatial and temporal variation in historical fire regimes of the Blue Mountains, Oregon and Washington:  the influence of climate.  Ph.D. dissertation.","type":"publication","volume":null},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Heyerdahl, E.K., L.B. Brubaker and J.K. Agee"},"citation":"Heyerdahl, E.K., L.B. Brubaker and J.K. Agee. 2002. Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA. The Holocene, 12, 597-604. ","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"The Holocene","pages":"597-604","pubRank":"3","pubYear":2002,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA","type":"publication","volume":"12"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Heyerdahl, E.K. and S.J. McKay"},"citation":"Heyerdahl, E.K. and S.J. McKay. 2001. Condition of live, fire-scarred ponderosa pine trees, six years after removing partial cross sections. Tree-Ring Research, 57, 131-139. ","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Tree-Ring Research","pages":"131-139","pubRank":"4","pubYear":2001,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Condition of live, fire-scarred ponderosa pine trees, six years after removing partial cross sections","type":"publication","volume":"57"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Heyerdahl, E.K. and S.J. McKay"},"citation":"Heyerdahl, E.K. and S.J. McKay. 2008. Condition of live, fire-scarred ponderosa pine eleven years after removing partial cross-sections. Tree-Ring Research, 64, 61-64. ","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Tree-Ring Research","pages":"61-64","pubRank":"5","pubYear":2008,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Condition of live, fire-scarred ponderosa pine eleven years after removing partial cross-sections","type":"publication","volume":"64"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson","western yellow pine","ponderosa pine","PIPO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"20339","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["45.12","-116.98"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-116.98","maxElevationMeters":"1616","minElevationMeters":"1616","northernmostLatitude":"45.12","southernmostLatitude":"45.12","westernmostLongitude":"-116.98"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Oregon","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"2367","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/fire-hist-graphs/usirc001-fire-hist-graph.pdf","linkText":"usirc001-fire-hist-graph.pdf","urlDescription":"Fire History Graph","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/fire-hist-graphs/usirc001-fire-hist-graph.png","linkText":"usirc001-fire-hist-graph.png","urlDescription":"Fire History Graph","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>establishment dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/establishment/northamerica/usirc001.dat","linkText":"usirc001.dat","urlDescription":"Establishment Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Tree ID","cvDataType":null,"cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"formation property>event layer>tree demographic and injury and fire event code"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/usirc001.fhx","linkText":"usirc001.fhx","urlDescription":"Fire Scar Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"FHX2 data format; refer to IMPD documentation for description of codes","cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"formation property>event layer>tree demographic and injury and fire event code"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/usirc001.txt","linkText":"usirc001.txt","urlDescription":"More Information","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"FHX2 data format; refer to IMPD documentation for description of codes","cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"formation property>event layer>tree demographic and injury and fire event code"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/supplemental/usirc001-plot-information.csv","linkText":"usirc001-plot-information.csv","urlDescription":"Supplemental Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"USIRC001","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1480,"earliestYearBP":470,"earliestYearCE":1480,"mostRecentYear":1994,"mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"species":[{"commonName":["ponderosa pine","western yellow pine"],"scientificName":"Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson","speciesCode":"PIPO"}],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Imnaha"}],"studyCode":"USIRC001","studyName":"Heyerdahl fire data from Imnaha - IMPD USIRC001","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"5341"}