{"NOAAStudyId":"9751","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2003-01-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"FIRE HISTORY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/fire-history","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-fire-9751.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":450,"earliestYearCE":1500,"entryId":"noaa-fire-9751","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"USA Joint Fire Science Program","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Fulé, P.Z.; Crouse, J.E.; Heinlein, T.A.; Moore, M.M.; Covington, W.W.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/9751","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Fire regime characteristics of high-elevation forests on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, were reconstructed from fire scar analysis, remote sensing, tree age, and forest structure measurements, a first attempt at\ndetailed reconstruction of the transition from surface to stand-replacing fire\npatterns in the Southwest. Tree densities and fire-/non-fire-initiated groups \nwere highly mixed over the landscape, so distinct fire-created stands could\nnot be delineated from satellite imagery or the oldest available aerial\nphotos. Surface fires were common from 1700 to 1879 in the 4,400 ha site, \nespecially on S and W aspects. Fire dates frequently coincided with fire dates\nmeasured at study sites at lower elevation, suggesting that pre-1880 fire\nsizes may have been very large. Large fires, those scarring 25% or more of the sample trees, were relatively infrequent, averaging 31 years between\nburns. Four of the five major regional fire years occurred in the 1700s,\nfollowed by a 94-year gap until 1879.  Fires typically occurred in significantly \ndry years (Palmer Drought Stress Index), with severe drought in major\nregional fire years. Currently the forest is predominantly spruce-fir, mixed\nconifer, and aspen. In contrast, dendroecological reconstruction of past forest \nstructure showed that the forest in 1880 was very open, corresponding\nclosely with historical (1910) accounts of severe fires leaving partially\ndenuded landscapes. Age structure and species composition were used to classify sampling points into fire-initiated and non-fire-initiated groups. Tree\ngroups on nearly 60% of the plots were fire-initiated; the oldest such groups\nappeared to have originated after severe fires in 1782 or 1785. In 1880, all \nfire-initiated groups were less than 100 years old and nearly 25% of the\ngroups were less than 20 years old. Non-fire-initiated groups were significantly older (oldest 262 years in 1880), dominated by ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, or white fir, and occurred preferentially on S and W slopes. The mixed-severity fire regime, transitioning from lower-elevation surface fires to mixed surface and stand-replacing fire at higher elevations, appeared not to have been stable over the temporal and spatial scales of this study.  Information about historical fire regime and forest structure is valuable for managers but the information is probably less specific and stable for high-elevation forests than for low-elevation ponderosa pine forests.\n","author":null,"citation":"Fulé, P.Z., J.E. Crouse, T.A. Heinlein, M.M. Moore, W.W. Covington,\nand G. Verkamp.  2003.  Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest\nof Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA.  Landscape Ecology 18:465-486.","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Landscape Ecology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2003,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Mixed-severity fire regime in a high-elevation forest of Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA.  ","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["PIPO","ponderosa pine","western yellow pine","PSME","Douglas-fir","Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson","Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"31446","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["36.33139","-112.125336"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-112.125336","maxElevationMeters":"2600","minElevationMeters":"2600","northernmostLatitude":"36.33139","southernmostLatitude":"36.33139","westernmostLongitude":"-112.125336"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Arizona","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"18657","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/fire-hist-graphs/uslpk001-fire-hist-graph.pdf","linkText":"uslpk001-fire-hist-graph.pdf","urlDescription":"Fire History Graph","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/fire-hist-graphs/uslpk001-fire-hist-graph.png","linkText":"uslpk001-fire-hist-graph.png","urlDescription":"Fire History Graph","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/uslpk001.fhx","linkText":"uslpk001.fhx","urlDescription":"Fire Scar Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"FHX2 data format; refer to IMPD documentation for description of codes","cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"formation property>event layer>tree demographic and injury and fire event code"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>fire history>fire scar dates"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/firehistory/firescar/northamerica/uslpk001.txt","linkText":"uslpk001.txt","urlDescription":"More Information","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"FHX2 data format; refer to IMPD documentation for description of codes","cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":"biological material>tissue>wood","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"formation property>event layer>tree demographic and injury and fire event code"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"FIRE HISTORY|TREE RING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"age variable>age"}]}],"dataTableName":"USLPK001","dataTableNotes":"Sample Storage Location: Northern Arizona University (contact\r\nPete.Fulenau.edu)","earliestYear":1500,"earliestYearBP":450,"earliestYearCE":1500,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[{"commonName":["ponderosa pine","western yellow pine"],"scientificName":"Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex C. Lawson","speciesCode":"PIPO"},{"commonName":["Douglas-fir"],"scientificName":"Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco","speciesCode":"PSME"}],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Little Park"}],"studyCode":"USLPK001","studyName":"Fulé fire data from Little Park - IMPD USLPK001","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"8704"}