{"NOAAStudyId":"10436","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-04-16","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-forcing","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-forcing-10436.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1255,"earliestYearCE":695,"entryId":"noaa-forcing-10436","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"ANR France","fundingGrant":"ANR-09-BLAN-0003-01"}],"investigators":"Delaygue, G.; Bard, E.","mostRecentYearBP":-32,"mostRecentYearCE":1982,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/10436","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Beryllium-10 in ice provides a valuable proxy of solar activity. \nHowever, complex production pathways, atmospheric transport, \nand deposition processes impede its quantitative interpretation. \nHere, we examine the influence of deposition processes on two \nBe-10 ice core records from Central Antarctica (South Pole and \nDome Fuji stations), covering the last millennium. We try to \nquantify how Be-10 variations in ice relate to variations in \nBe-10 production, and the bias associated to this relationship. \nAn independent bias estimation is provided by comparing atmospheric \nradiocarbon variations reconstructed from tree rings and deduced \nfrom Be-10 variations. Both techniques suggest an uncertainty \nof the order of 10% in Be-10 production. This uncertainty estimate \ndoes not account for the geographical origin of Be-10, which remains \na major issue. Because both Be-10 records are so similar, we propose \nto average them as a means to decrease the unshared (non solar) \nvariability. This average record provides a new reconstruction \nof solar modulation parameter PHI and total solar irradiance over \nthe last ~1,300 years. The lowest solar activity is found during \nthe so-called Spörer Minimum (around AD 1450). The highest \nactivities are found during the 8th century and over the last decades: \nas shown in previous studies, our results suggest that the recent \nsolar activity is not exceptionally high for the last millennium. \n","author":null,"citation":"Delaygue, G. and E. Bard. 2010. \nAn Antarctic view of Beryllium-10 and solar activity \nfor the past millennium. \nClimate Dynamics, Published online 1 April 2010. \nDOI: 10.1007/s00382-010-0795-1 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s00382-010-0795-1","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-010-0795-1"},"issue":null,"journal":"Climate Dynamics","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"An Antarctic view of Beryllium-10 and solar activity  for the past millennium","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Solar Forcing Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"20565","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-77.32","38.7"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"38.7","maxElevationMeters":"3810","minElevationMeters":"3810","northernmostLatitude":"-77.32","southernmostLatitude":"-77.32","westernmostLongitude":"38.7"}},"locationName":"Continent>Antarctica","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"19234","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>solar"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/solar_variability/delaygue2010be10.txt","linkText":"delaygue2010be10.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"assuming a 70% contribution of the mid-latitudes to Be-10 production","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"megavolt","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar modulation potential"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"assuming all Be-10 produced at high latitudes","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"megavolt","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar modulation potential"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"assuming a 0.08% decrease at the Maunder Minimum","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"watt per square meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar irradiance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"variations relative to the 843-1876 AD average","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"composited","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"standard deviation unit","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>single isotope concentration>10Be"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>solar"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/solar_variability/delaygue2010be10.xls","linkText":"delaygue2010be10.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"DF2001","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":695,"earliestYearBP":1255,"earliestYearCE":695,"mostRecentYear":1982,"mostRecentYearBP":-32,"mostRecentYearCE":1982,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Dome Fuji"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Antarctic Last Millennium 10Be Stack and Solar Irradiance Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Two Antarctic records of Be-10 concentrations covering the last \r\nmillennium are normalized and averaged in order to smooth out \r\nnon-forced variability. This stack is corrected for geomagnetic \r\nvariations and converted into solar modulation parameter PHI \r\nand total solar irradiance (TSI) over the period of years \r\n695-1982 AD.\r\n\r\nStack of Be-10 Antarctic records published by Raisbeck et al. 1990 \r\nand Horiuchi et al. 2008, using the C-14 adjusted timescale for \r\nthe latter. The stack is corrected for geomagnetic variations \r\nreconstructed by Korte et al. 2009 with the production sensitivity \r\nof Wagner et al. 2000.  The solar modulation parameter PHI is \r\ncalculated following McCracken et al. 2004 method, i.e. by \r\ncalibrating the stack to an average level of 645 MV over the \r\nperiod 1944-1966 AD. The sensitivity of the Be-10 production \r\nto PHI is from Webber and Higbie 2003, assuming that Be-10 \r\nis produced at 70% in mid-latitudes and 30% locally (\"mix\" case) \r\nor purely locally (\"local\" case).  Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) \r\nis calculated from either of the PHI time series, assuming an \r\naverage modern maximum of 1365.5 W/m**2 (year 1969 AD) and a \r\n0.08% decrease at the Maunder Minimum (year 1692 AD) \r\n(most likely value of IPCC AR4 p.192).\r\n\r\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"9100"}