{"NOAAStudyId":"12894","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-04-04","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-forcing","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-forcing-12894.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":9389,"earliestYearCE":-7439,"entryId":"noaa-forcing-12894","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Swiss National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"CRSI122-130642(FUPSOL)"}],"investigators":"Steinhilber, F.; Abreu, J.; Beer, J.; Brunner, I.; Christl, M.; Fischer, H.; Heikkilä, U.; Kubik, P.W.; Mann, M.E.; McCracken, K.G.; Miller, H.; Miyahara, H.; Oerter, H.; Wilhelms, F.","mostRecentYearBP":-27,"mostRecentYearCE":1977,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12894","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Understanding the temporal variation of cosmic radiation \r\nand solar activity during the Holocene is essential for \r\nstudies of the solar-terrestrial relationship. Cosmic-ray \r\nproduced radionuclides, such as 10Be and 14C which are stored \r\nin polar ice cores and tree rings, offer the unique opportunity \r\nto reconstruct the history of cosmic radiation and solar activity \r\nover many millennia. Although records from different archives \r\nbasically agree, they also show some deviations during certain \r\nperiods. So far most reconstructions were based on only one \r\nsingle radionuclide record, which makes detection and correction \r\nof these deviations impossible. Here we combine different 10Be \r\nice core records from Greenland and Antarctica with the global \r\n14C tree ring record using principal component analysis. \r\nThis approach is only possible due to a new high-resolution 10Be \r\nrecord from Dronning Maud Land obtained within the European Project \r\nfor Ice Coring in Antarctica in Antarctica. The new cosmic radiation \r\nrecord enables us to derive total solar irradiance, which is then \r\nused as a proxy of solar activity to identify the solar imprint \r\nin an Asian climate record. Though generally the agreement between \r\nsolar forcing and Asian climate is good, there are also periods \r\nwithout any coherence, pointing to other forcings like volcanoes \r\nand greenhouse gases and their corresponding feedbacks. The newly \r\nderived records have the potential to improve our understanding \r\nof the solar dynamics and to quantify the solar influence on climate. \r\n","author":{"name":"Steinhilber, F., J.A. Abreu, J. Beer, I. Brunner, M. Christl, H. Fischer, U. Heikkilä, P.W. Kubik, M. Mann, K.G. McCracken, H. Miller, H. Miyahara, H. Oerter, and F. Wilhelms"},"citation":"Steinhilber, F., J.A. Abreu, J. Beer, I. Brunner, M. Christl, H. Fischer, U. Heikkilä, P.W. Kubik, M. Mann, K.G. McCracken, H. Miller, H. Miyahara, H. Oerter, and F. Wilhelms. 2012. 9,400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity  from ice cores and tree rings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 5967-5971. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1118965109","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1073/pnas.1118965109","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1118965109"},"issue":null,"journal":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences","pages":"5967-5971","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"9,400 years of cosmic radiation and solar activity  from ice cores and tree rings","type":"publication","volume":"109"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Solar Forcing Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"21230","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>solar"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/solar_variability/steinhilber2012.txt","linkText":"steinhilber2012.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"22-year averages","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"1st principal component showing common production rate of 10Be from ice cores and 14C from tree rings; relative to interval 1944-1988 AD","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"standard deviation from individual records","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"statistical variable>proxy composite"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"using the radionuclide production calculations of Masarik & Beer (2009) based on the local interstellar spectrum of Garcia-Munoz et al.(1975) and considering the geomagnetic dipole field by Knudsen et al.(2008)","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"megavolt","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar modulation potential"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"\"obtained with 1000 Monte Carlo runs, considering uncertainty in common production rates and geomagnetic field \"","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"unspecified margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"megavolt","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar modulation potential"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"given as difference to the value of the PMOD composite during the solar cycle minimum of the year 1986 AD (1365.57 W/m2) as given in Frohlich (2009)","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"watt per square meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar irradiance"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"uncertainty set to 0.5 W/m^2 for negative phi","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"watt per square meter","cvWhat":"earth system variable>forcing variable>solar irradiance"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>solar"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/solar_variability/steinhilber2012.xls","linkText":"steinhilber2012.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"TSI2012","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":9389,"earliestYearBP":9389,"earliestYearCE":-7439,"mostRecentYear":-27,"mostRecentYearBP":-27,"mostRecentYearCE":1977,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Global"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"9400 Year Cosmogenic Isotope Data and Solar Activity Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Records of common production rate of cosmogenic radionuclides, \r\ncosmic ray intensity (solar modulation) and solar activity \r\n(total solar irradiance) during the past 9400 years. \r\n\r\nCommon production rate (Figure 3), solar modulation (Figure S13) \r\nand total solar irradiance (Figure S14) during the past 9400 years. \r\nThe records are based on several radionuclide records with high \r\ntemporal resolution (years) from different sites and of different \r\ntypes (10Be from Antarctica and Greenland, 14C from tree rings). \r\nThe data are 22-year averages. The common signal is the first \r\nprincipal component which was extracted with principal component \r\nanalysis. \r\n\r\nThese data are an update to Steinhilber et al. 2009 total solar irradiance \r\ndata, also archived at the World Data Center for Paleoclimtology: \r\nftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/solar_variability/steinhilber2009tsi.txt \r\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10958"}