{"NOAAStudyId":"14168","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2013-03-22","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-forcing","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-forcing-14168.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1150,"earliestYearCE":800,"entryId":"noaa-forcing-14168","funding":[],"investigators":"Crowley, T.J.; Unterman, M.B.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14168","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"This report describes details of developing a volcano forcing reconstruction (Crowley et al., 2008) for climate models that is based primarily on sulphate records in Antarctic and Greenland ice cores. The chronology of eruptions is considered accurate to within 1 yr for the interval AD 1104-2000 and about 2 yr for AD 800-1103. The reconstruction involves (1) calibration against satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) estimates of the 1991 Pinatubo/Hudson eruptions; (2) partial validation against independent lunar estimates of AOD and global sulphate emissions; (3) partial assessment of uncertainties in AOD estimates; (4) assessment of possible tropical \"false positives\" in ice core reconstructions due to simultaneous occurrence of mid/high-latitude eruptions in each hemisphere; (5) identification of a new category of eruptions, termed \"unipolar\" tropical eruptions, in which the eruption plume penetrates mainly to polar regions in only the hemisphere of its eruption; (6) use of different growth curves for high- and low-latitude eruptions; (7) specification of 2/3 power shortwave scaling for eruptions larger than the 1991 Pinatubo eruption; (8) introduction of an estimate of effective particle size that affects lifetime and scattering properties of stratospheric aerosols; and (9) utilization of bimonthly-resolution electrical conductivity measurements to estimate the eruption date of the 1258/1259 eruption as 1257.7 +/- 0.2. The data, and a high-temporal resolution reconstruction for climate models, are available at: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:14168.\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Crowley, T.J. and M. B. Unterman. 2012.\r\nTechnical details concerning development of a 1200-yr proxy index for global volcanism. \r\nEarth System Science Data, Vol. 5, pp. 187-197, \r\nDOI: 10.5194/essd-5-187-2013","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.5194/essdd-5-1-2012","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essdd-5-1-2012"},"issue":null,"journal":"Earth System Science Data","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Technical details concerning development of a 1200-yr proxy index for global volcanism","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"22723","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-90","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"-90","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Global","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24041","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>volcanic"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/crowley2013/crowley2013aod-reff.txt","linkText":"crowley2013aod-reff.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"at 550 nanometers","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"earth system variable>energy flux variable>radiative flux variable>aerosol optical depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"micrometer","cvWhat":"earth system variable>energy flux variable>radiative flux variable>effective aerosol radius"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>volcanic"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/crowley2013/crowley2013pmip.txt","linkText":"crowley2013pmip.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>volcanic"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/crowley2013/ici5_aod_reff_c.zip","linkText":"ici5_aod_reff_c.zip","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Crowley2013AOD-Reff","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":800,"earliestYearBP":1150,"earliestYearCE":800,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Global"},{"NOAASiteId":"34252","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["0","90","-180","180"],"type":"POLYGON"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"180","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"90","southernmostLatitude":"0","westernmostLongitude":"-180"}},"locationName":"Geographic Region>Northern Hemisphere","mappable":"N","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"24042","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>volcanic"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/volcanic_aerosols/crowley2013/crowley2013so4-nh.txt","linkText":"crowley2013so4-nh.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"attribution","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"sulfate; 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Eruptions inferred to have occurred in the tropics are labeled.  UP label refers to possible \"unipolar\" tropical eruption, in which the eruption plume penetrates mainly to polar regions in only the hemisphere of its eruption. \n\nSupplemental Table 2 - Estimated age and average sulphate flux (kg/km2) of 30-90S composite.  Eruptions inferred to have occurred in the tropics are labeled.  \n\nSupplemental Table 3 - Inferred yearly global average aerosol optical depth (AOD) (at 550 nm) and effective aerosol radius (Reff) in um\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"12149"}