{"NOAAStudyId":"23590","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2018-03-10","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-forcing","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-forcing-23590.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":4580295,"earliestYearCE":-4578345,"entryId":"noaa-forcing-23590","funding":[],"investigators":"Bartoli, G.; Hönisch, B.; Zeebe, R.E.","mostRecentYearBP":1975132,"mostRecentYearCE":-1973182,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23590","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the onset of intensive glaciations on Greenland, Scandinavia, and North America during the Pliocene epoch between 3.6 and 2.7 million years ago (Ma). A decrease in atmospheric CO2 may have played a role during the onset of glaciations, but other tectonic and oceanic events occurring at the same time may have played a part as well. Here we present detailed atmospheric CO2 estimates from boron isotopes in planktic foraminifer shells spanning 4.6-2.0 Ma. Maximal Pliocene atmospheric CO2 estimates gradually declined from values around 410 uatm to early Pleistocene values of 300 uatm at 2.0 Ma. After the onset of large-scale ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere, maximal pCO2 estimates were still at 2.5 Ma +90 uatm higher than values characteristic of the early Pleistocene interglacials. By contrast, Pliocene minimal atmospheric CO2 gradually decreased from 310 to 245 uatm at 3.2 Ma, coinciding with the start of transient glaciations on Greenland. Values characteristic of early Pleistocene glacial atmospheric CO2 of 200 uatm were abruptly reached after 2.7 Ma during the late Pliocene transition. This trend is consistent with the suggestion that ocean stratification and iron fertilization increased after 2.7 Ma in the North Pacific and Southern Ocean and may have led to increased glacial CO2 storage in the oceanic abyss after 2.7 Ma onward.","author":{"name":"Gretta Bartoli, Bärbel Hönisch, Richard E. Zeebe"},"citation":"Gretta Bartoli, Bärbel Hönisch, Richard E. Zeebe. 2011. Atmospheric CO2 decline during the Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations. Paleoceanography, 26(4). doi: 10.1029/2010PA002055","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2010PA002055","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010PA002055"},"issue":"4","journal":"Paleoceanography","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Atmospheric CO2 decline during the Pliocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciations","type":"publication","volume":"26"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19232","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["12.75","-78.73"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-78.73","maxElevationMeters":"-2827","minElevationMeters":"-2827","northernmostLatitude":"12.75","southernmostLatitude":"12.75","westernmostLongitude":"-78.73"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Pacific Ocean>North Pacific Ocean","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"35433","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>carbon dioxide"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/bartoli2011odp999boron.txt","linkText":"ODP999 Boron Isotope and CO2 Data","urlDescription":"NOAA Template File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"million years ago","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"N-TIMS","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Trilobatus sp.>Trilobatus sacculifer","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"N-TIMS","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer>Trilobatus sp.>Trilobatus sacculifer","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 11B","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 11B","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 11B","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"based on planktic foram delta 11B","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbon dioxide"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"based on planktic foram delta 11B","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbon dioxide"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"based on planktic foram delta 11B","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbon dioxide"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>carbon dioxide"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/bartoli2011odp999boron.xlsx","linkText":"ODP999 Boron Isotope and CO2 Data","urlDescription":"Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Bartoli2011ODP999boron","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":4580295,"earliestYearBP":4580295,"earliestYearCE":-4578345,"mostRecentYear":1975132,"mostRecentYearBP":1975132,"mostRecentYearCE":-1973182,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"ODP 999A"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Paleo-pCO2 Database ODP999 4.6 Million Year Boron Isotope and CO2 Data","studyNotes":"Paleo-CO2 derived from boron isotope measurements on marine sediment core ODP999A for the past 4.6 million years, contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database","version":"1.0","xmlId":"21734"}