{"NOAAStudyId":"24310","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2018-05-30","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"CLIMATE FORCING","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/climate-forcing","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-forcing-24310.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":13798000,"earliestYearCE":-13796050,"entryId":"noaa-forcing-24310","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)","fundingGrant":"NE/D008654/1, NE/D010241/1, NE/D00876X/2"}],"investigators":"Badger, M.P.S.; Lear, C.H.; Pancost, R.D.; Foster, G.L.; Bailey, T.R.; Leng, M.J.; Abels, H.A.","mostRecentYearBP":13698000,"mostRecentYearCE":-13696050,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24310","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The development of a permanent, stable ice sheet in East Antarctica happened during the middle Miocene, about 14 million years (Myr) ago. The middle Miocene therefore represents one of the distinct phases of rapid change in the transition from the \"greenhouse\" of the early Eocene to the \"icehouse\" of the present day. Carbonate carbon isotope records of the period immediately following the main stage of ice sheet development reveal a major perturbation in the carbon system, represented by the positive d13C excursion known as carbon maximum 6 (\"CM6\"), which has traditionally been interpreted as reflecting increased burial of organic matter and atmospheric pCO2 drawdown. More recently, it has been suggested that the d13C excursion records a negative feedback resulting from the reduction of silicate weathering and an increase in atmospheric pCO2. Here we present high-resolution multi-proxy (alkenone carbon and foraminiferal boron isotope) records of atmospheric carbon dioxide and sea surface temperature across CM6. Similar to previously published records spanning this interval, our records document a world of generally low (~300 ppm) atmospheric pCO2 at a time generally accepted to be much warmer than today. Crucially, they also reveal a pCO2 decrease with associated cooling, which demonstrates that the carbon burial hypothesis for CM6 is feasible and could have acted as a positive feedback on global cooling.","author":{"name":"Marcus P.S. Badger, Caroline H. Lear, Richard D. Pancost, Gavin L. Foster, Trevor R. Bailey, Melanie J. Leng, Hemmo A. Abels"},"citation":"Marcus P.S. Badger, Caroline H. Lear, Richard D. Pancost, Gavin L. Foster, Trevor R. Bailey, Melanie J. Leng, Hemmo A. Abels. 2013. CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology, 28(1), 42-53. doi: 10.1002/palo.20015","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1002/palo.20015","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/palo.20015"},"issue":"1","journal":"Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology","pages":"42-53","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2013,"reportNumber":null,"title":"CO2 drawdown following the middle Miocene expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet","type":"publication","volume":"28"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"57655","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["35.9155","14.3343"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"14.3343","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"35.9155","southernmostLatitude":"35.9155","westernmostLongitude":"14.3343"}},"locationName":"Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Mediterranean Sea>Malta","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"35993","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>carbon dioxide"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/badger2013boron.txt","linkText":"Malta Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data","urlDescription":"NOAA Template File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"million years ago","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Globigerinoides/Trilobatus trilobus","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer","cvMethod":"ion chromatography","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Globigerinoides/Trilobatus trilobus","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer","cvMethod":"multiple collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Globigerinoides/Trilobatus trilobus","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer","cvMethod":"ion chromatography","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Globigerinoides/Trilobatus trilobus","cvDataType":"PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"two standard deviations","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"biological material>organism>foraminifer>planktic foraminifer","cvMethod":"multiple collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 11B"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 11B","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>solution property>acidity>pH"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"Globigerinoides trilobus","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>element or compound ratio>magnesium/calcium","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>sea water temperature>sea surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"based on 11B of Globigerinoides trilobus","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|PALEOCEANOGRAPHY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbon dioxide"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>climate forcing>carbon dioxide"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/climate_forcing/trace_gases/Paleo-pCO2/badger2013boron.xlsx","linkText":"Malta Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data","urlDescription":"Excel File","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Badger2013boron","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":13798000,"earliestYearBP":13798000,"earliestYearCE":-13796050,"mostRecentYear":13698000,"mostRecentYearBP":13698000,"mostRecentYearCE":-13696050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Ras il-Pellegrin Section"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Paleo-pCO2 Database Malta Middle Miocene Boron Isotope and CO2 Data","studyNotes":"Paleo-CO2 derived from boron isotope measurements on planktonic foraminifera samples from the Middle Miocene Blue Clay Formation of Malta (sampled at Ras il-Pellegrin), contributed to the Paleo-pCO2 Database.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"22454"}