{"NOAAStudyId":"11922","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2011-08-08","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-11922.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":78,"earliestYearCE":1872,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-11922","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Australian Research Council  ","fundingGrant":"A39938047"},{"fundingAgency":"Australian Antarctic  Science Advisory Committee","fundingGrant":"1092"}],"investigators":"Van de Velde, K.; Vallelonga, P.; Candelone, J.-P.; Rosman, K.J.R.; Gaspari, V.; Cozzi, G.; Barbante, C.; Udisti, R.; Cescon, P.; Boutron, C.F.","mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/11922","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Pb and Ba concentrations and Pb isotopic compositions are reported \r\nfor firn core and snow pit samples from Victoria Land, Antarctica, \r\ndating from 1872 AD to 1994 AD. From variations in Pb/Ba ratios \r\nand Pb isotopic compositions, two periods of major Pb enhancements \r\nwere identified, from 1891 to 1908 AD and from 1948 to 1994 AD. \r\nThe earlier pollution event is attributed to Pb emissions from \r\nnon-ferrous metal production and coal combustion in the Southern \r\nHemisphere and is in excellent agreement with coincident pollution \r\ninputs reported in firn/ice cores from two other regions of Antarctica, \r\nat Coats Land and Law Dome. Using Pb isotopic systematics, it was \r\ncalculated that ~50% of Pb deposited in Victoria Land in 1897 \r\noriginated from anthropogenic emission sources. The more recent \r\nperiod of Pb enhancements, from 1948 to 1994 AD, corresponds to \r\nthe introduction and widespread use of gasoline alkyl Pb additives \r\nin automobiles in the Southern Hemisphere, with anthropogenic Pb \r\ninputs averaging 60% of total Pb but with large uncertainty. \r\nIntra- and inter-annual variations in Pb concentrations and isotopic \r\ncompositions were evaluated in snow pits samples corresponding to the \r\nperiod 1991-1994. Substantial variations in Pb/ Ba and 206Pb/207Pb \r\nratios were detected but the absence of a regular seasonal pattern \r\nfor these parameters suggests that the transport and deposition \r\nof aerosols to the Antarctic ice sheet are complex and vary \r\nfrom year to year.\r\n","author":null,"citation":"Van de Velde, K., P. Vallelonga, J.-P. Candelone, K.J.R. Rosman, V. Gaspari, \r\nG. Cozzi, C. Barbante, R. Udisti, P. Cescon, and C.F. Boutron. 2005. \r\nPb isotope record over one century in snow from Victoria Land, Antarctica. \r\nEarth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 232, Issues 1-2, 30 March 2005, \r\npp. 95-108  doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.007 \r\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.007","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.007"},"issue":null,"journal":"Earth and Planetary Science Letters","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2005,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Pb isotope record over one century in snow from Victoria Land, Antarctica","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"52321","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-73.8667","163.7"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"163.7","maxElevationMeters":"1700","minElevationMeters":"1700","northernmostLatitude":"-73.8667","southernmostLatitude":"-73.8667","westernmostLongitude":"163.7"}},"locationName":"Continent>Antarctica","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20218","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/victoria/victoria2005pb-ba.txt","linkText":"victoria2005pb-ba.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"picogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>lead"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"picogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>barium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>lead/barium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/204Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/204Pb"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/victoria/victoria2005pb-ba.xls","linkText":"victoria2005pb-ba.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"1995firn","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1872,"earliestYearBP":78,"earliestYearCE":1872,"mostRecentYear":1978,"mostRecentYearBP":-28,"mostRecentYearCE":1978,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Styx Glacier"},{"NOAASiteId":"52322","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-73.1","165.4667"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"165.4667","maxElevationMeters":"2960","minElevationMeters":"2960","northernmostLatitude":"-73.1","southernmostLatitude":"-73.1","westernmostLongitude":"165.4667"}},"locationName":"Continent>Antarctica","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20217","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/victoria/victoria2005pb-ba.txt","linkText":"victoria2005pb-ba.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Character","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":null,"cvWhat":"sampling metadata>sample identification"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"picogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>lead"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"picogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>barium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or compound ratio>lead/barium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/204Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"95% confidence interval margin of error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"thermal ionization mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/204Pb"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/victoria/victoria2005pb-ba.xls","linkText":"victoria2005pb-ba.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"1994pit","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1986,"earliestYearBP":-36,"earliestYearCE":1986,"mostRecentYear":1994,"mostRecentYearBP":-44,"mostRecentYearCE":1994,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Hercules Neve"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Victoria Land Antarctica Ice Core 120 Year Lead Isotope and Barium Data","studyNotes":"Victoria Land, Antarctica ice core and snow pit Pb and Ba \nconcentrations, and Pb isotope ratios, for the period 1872-1994. \nConcentrations are accurate to ±15% (95% confidence interval).\t\t\nUncertainties in the isotope ratios are 95% confidence intervals.\n\n1995 Styx Glacier firn/ice core: \n73°52'S, 163°42'E, 1700 m asl, 116 m length, 1872-1978 CE \nElectromechanical drill, dry hole, Surface accumulation 160 [kg/m**2/yr] \n\n1994 Hercules Neve snow pit: \n73°06'S, 165°28'E, 2960 m asl, 3 m length, 1986-1994 CE \nSurface accumulation 170 [kg/m**2/yr]\n\n\n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10025"}