{"NOAAStudyId":"17795","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"1997-11-30","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-17795.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":16490,"earliestYearCE":-14540,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-17795","funding":[],"investigators":"Stuiver, M.; Braziunas, T.F.; Grootes, P.M.; Zielinski, G.A.","mostRecentYearBP":-30,"mostRecentYearCE":1980,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17795","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Changes in solar constant over an 11 yr cycle suggest a certain, but limited, degree of solar forcing of climate. The high-resolution climate (oxygen isotope) record of the Greenland GISP2 (Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2) ice core has been analyzed for solar (and volcanic) influences. The atmospheric14C record is used as a proxy of solar change and compared to the oxygen isotope profile in the GISP2 ice core. An annual oxygen isotope profile is derived from centimeter-scale isotope measurements available for the post-A.D. 818 interval. Associated extreme summer and winter isotope ratios were found to yield similar climate information over the last millennium. The detailed record of volcanic aerosols, converted to optical depth and volcanic explosivity change, was also compared to the isotope record and the oxygen isotope response calibrated to short-term volcanic influences on climate. This calibration shows that century-scale volcanic modulation of the GISP2 oxygen isotope record can be neglected in our analysis of solar forcing. The timing, estimated order of temperature change, and phase lag of several maxima in14C and minima in18O are suggestive of a solar component to the forcing of Greenland climate over the current millennium. The fractional climate response of the cold interval associated with the Maunder sunspot minimum (and14C maximum), as well as the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age temperature trend of the past millennium, are compatible with solar climate forcing, with an order of magnitude of solar constant change of -0.3%. Even though solar forcing of climate for the current millennium is a reasonable hypothesis, for the rest of the Holocene the century-scale events are more frequent in the oxygen isotope record than in the14C record and a significant correlation is absent. For this interval, oceanic/atmospheric circulation forcing of climate may dominate. Solar forcing during the surprisingly strong 1470 yr climate cycle of the 11,000-75,000 yr B.P. interval is rather hypothetical.","author":{"name":"M. Stuiver, T.F. Braziunas, P.M. Grootes, G.A. Zielinski"},"citation":"M. Stuiver, T.F. Braziunas, P.M. Grootes, G.A. Zielinski. 1997. Is There Evidence for Solar Forcing of Climate in the GISP2 Oxygen Isotope Record?. Quaternary Research, 48(3), 259-266. doi: 10.1006/qres.1997.1931","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1006/qres.1997.1931","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1931"},"issue":"3","journal":"Quaternary Research","pages":"259-266","pubRank":"1","pubYear":1997,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Is There Evidence for Solar Forcing of Climate in the GISP2 Oxygen Isotope Record?","type":"publication","volume":"48"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Minze Stuiver, Pieter M. Grootes, Thomas F. Braziunas"},"citation":"Minze Stuiver, Pieter M. Grootes, Thomas F. Braziunas. 1995. The GISP2 d18O Climate Record of the Past 16,500 Years and the Role of the Sun, Ocean, and Volcanoes. Quaternary Research, 44(3), 341-354. doi: 10.1006/qres.1995.1079","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1006/qres.1995.1079","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1079"},"issue":"3","journal":"Quaternary Research","pages":"341-354","pubRank":"2","pubYear":1995,"reportNumber":null,"title":"The GISP2 d18O Climate Record of the Past 16,500 Years and the Role of the Sun, Ocean, and Volcanoes","type":"publication","volume":"44"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19978","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["72.6","-38.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-38.5","maxElevationMeters":"3200","minElevationMeters":"3200","northernmostLatitude":"72.6","southernmostLatitude":"72.6","westernmostLongitude":"-38.5"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Greenland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28114","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/isotopes/d18o20y.txt","linkText":"GISP2 Bidecadal Oxygen Isotope Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"GISP21997BiDecadal18O","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":16490,"earliestYearBP":16490,"earliestYearCE":-14540,"mostRecentYear":-30,"mostRecentYearBP":-30,"mostRecentYearCE":1980,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"GISP2"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"GISP2 Ice Core 16000 Year Bidecadal Oxygen Isotope Data","studyNotes":"This file contains the GISP2 bidecadal delta 18O data set back to 16,510\nyr B.P., measured at the Quaternary Isotope Laboratory, University of\nWashington, as of February 1st, 1997.  The timescale includes revisions by\nD. A. Meese as of September 1994. The GISP2 depths below 167 meters are\nthose of the D core; above 167 meters the core depths are those of the B\ncore + 1.09 meters.  See the file gisp2age.dat for further information on\nthe timescale. ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"15457"}