{"NOAAStudyId":"17796","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"1997-11-30","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-17796.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":110977,"earliestYearCE":-109027,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-17796","funding":[],"investigators":"Grootes, P.M.; Stuiver, M.","mostRecentYearBP":-37,"mostRecentYearCE":1987,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/17796","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The 3-km-long Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core presents a 100,000+-year detailed oxygen isotope profile covering almost a full glacial-interglacial cycle. Measurements of isotopic fluctuations in snow, frost, and atmospheric water vapor samples collected during summer field seasons (up to 20 per mil) are compatible with the large and abrupt 18O/16O changes observed in accumulated firn. Snow pit d18O profiles from the GISP2 summit area, however, show rapid smoothing of the 18O/16O signal near the surface. Beyond about 2-m depth the smoothed d18O signal is fairly well preserved and can be interpreted in terms of average local weather conditions and climate. The longer climate fluctuations also have regional and often global significance. In the older part of the record, corresponding to marine isotope stages (MIS) 5a to 5d, the effect of orbital climate forcing via the 19- and 23-kyr precession cycles and the 41-kyr obliquity cycle is obvious. From the end of MIS 5a, at about 75,000 years B.P., till the end of the glacial at the Younger Dryas-Preboreal transition, at 11,650 years B.P., the 18O/16O record shows frequent, rapid switches between intermediate interstadial and low stadial values. Fourier spectra of the oscillations that are superimposed on the orbitally induced changes contain a strong periodicity at 1.5 kyr, a broad peak at 4.0 kyr, and additional shorter periods. Detailed comparison of the GISP2 18O/16O record with the Vostok, Antarctica, dD record; Pacific Ocean foraminiferal 18O/16O; Grande Pile, France, tree pollen; and insolation indicates that a counterpart to many of the rapid 18O/16O fluctuations of GISP2 can be found in the other records, and that the GISP2 isotopic changes clearly are the local expression of climate changes of worldwide extent. Correlation of events on the independent GISP2 and SPECMAP time scales for the interval 10,000-50,000 years B.P. shows excellent Chronometric agreement, except possibly for the event labeled 3.1. The glacial to interglacial transition evidently started simultaneously in the Arctic and the Antarctic, but its development and its expression in Greenland isotopes was later suppressed by the influence of meltwater, especially from the Barents Sea ice sheet, on deep water formation and ocean circulation. Meltwaters from different ice sheets bordering the North Atlantic also influenced ocean circulation during the Bolling-Allerod interstadial complex and the Younger Dryas and led to a distinct development of European climate and Greenland 18O/16O values. The Holocene interval with long-term stable mean isotopic values contains several fluctuations with periods from years to millennia. Dominant is a 6.3-year oscillation with amplitude up to 3 to 4 per mil. Periodicities of 11 and 210 years, also found in the solar-modulated records of the cosmogenic isotopes 10Be and 14C, suggest solar processes as the cause of these cycles. Depression of 18O/16O values (cooling) by volcanic eruptions is observed in stacked GISP2 d18O records, but the effect is small and not likely to trigger major climate changes.","author":{"name":"P. M. Grootes, M. Stuiver"},"citation":"P. M. Grootes, M. Stuiver. 1997. Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 10-3 to 10-5-year time resolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 102(C12), 26455-26470. doi: 10.1029/97JC00880","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1029/97JC00880","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JC00880"},"issue":"C12","journal":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans","pages":"26455-26470","pubRank":"1","pubYear":1997,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Oxygen 18/16 variability in Greenland snow and ice with 10-3 to 10-5-year time resolution","type":"publication","volume":"102"},{"abstract":null,"author":{"name":"Minze Stuiver, Pieter M. Grootes, Thomas F. Braziunas"},"citation":"Minze Stuiver, Pieter M. Grootes, Thomas F. Braziunas. 1995. The GISP2 d18O Climate Record of the Past 16,500 Years and the Role of the Sun, Ocean, and Volcanoes. Quaternary Research, 44(3), 341-354. doi: 10.1006/qres.1995.1079","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1006/qres.1995.1079","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1079"},"issue":"3","journal":"Quaternary Research","pages":"341-354","pubRank":"2","pubYear":1995,"reportNumber":null,"title":"The GISP2 d18O Climate Record of the Past 16,500 Years and the Role of the Sun, Ocean, and Volcanoes","type":"publication","volume":"44"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19978","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["72.6","-38.5"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-38.5","maxElevationMeters":"3200","minElevationMeters":"3200","northernmostLatitude":"72.6","southernmostLatitude":"72.6","westernmostLongitude":"-38.5"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Greenland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28115","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/isotopes/d18o1yr.txt","linkText":"GISP2 Oxygen Isotope Data 1 year averages","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"GISP21997d18Oann","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1132,"earliestYearBP":1132,"earliestYearCE":818,"mostRecentYear":-37,"mostRecentYearBP":-37,"mostRecentYearCE":1987,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28119","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/isotopes/gispd18o.txt","linkText":"GISP2 Oxygen Isotope 2-meter data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth>depth at sample start"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"summer to summer","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"GISP219972m","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":110977,"earliestYearBP":110977,"earliestYearCE":-109027,"mostRecentYear":-36,"mostRecentYearBP":-36,"mostRecentYearCE":1986,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"GISP2"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"GISP2 Ice Core 110,000 Year Oxygen Isotope Data","studyNotes":"GISP2 delta 18O, 2 meter data set to 110 KYrBP, and 1 year resolution data back to 1133 years B.P.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"15460"}