{"NOAAStudyId":"18056","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-02-24","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-18056.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-18056","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Paul Scherrer Institute","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Eichler, A.; Gramlich, G.; Kellerhals, T.; Tobler, L.; Schwikowski, M.","mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18056","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Exploitation of the extensive polymetallic deposits of the Andean Altiplano in South America since pre-colonial times has caused substantial emissions of neurotoxic Pb into the atmosphere, however, its historical significance compared to recent Pb pollution from leaded gasoline is not yet resolved. Here we present a comprehensive, two millennia Pb emission history for South America, based on a continuous, high resolution, ice core record from Illimani glacier. Illimani is the highest mountain of the eastern Bolivian Andes and is located at the northeastern margin of the Andean Altiplano. The ice core Pb deposition history revealed enhanced Pb Enrichment Factors (EFs) due to metallurgical processing for silver production during periods of the Tiwanaku/Wari culture (AD 450-950), the Inca empires (AD 1450-1532), colonial times (AD 1532-1900), and tin production at the beginning of the 20th century. After the 1960s Pb EFs increased by a factor of three compared to the emission level from metal production, which we attribute to gasoline related Pb emissions. Our results show that anthropogenic Pb pollution levels from road traffic in South America exceed those of any historical metallurgy in the last two millennia, even in regions with exceptional high local metallurgical activity.","author":{"name":"Eichler, A., G. Gramlich, T. Kellerhals, L. Tobler, and M. Schwikowski"},"citation":"Eichler, A., G. Gramlich, T. Kellerhals, L. Tobler, and M. Schwikowski. 2015. Pb pollution from leaded gasoline in South America in the context of a 2000 year metallurgical history. Science Advances, 1(1), e1400196. ","edition":"e1400196","identifier":{"id":"N/A","type":"online resource","url":"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400196"},"issue":"1","journal":"Science Advances","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2015,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Pb pollution from leaded gasoline in South America in the context of a 2000 year metallurgical history","type":"publication","volume":"1"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56472","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-16.6167","-67.7667"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-67.7667","maxElevationMeters":"6300","minElevationMeters":"6300","northernmostLatitude":"-16.6167","southernmostLatitude":"-16.6167","westernmostLongitude":"-67.7667"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Bolivia","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28395","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/illimani/illimani2015pb.txt","linkText":"Illimani Pb and Ce Concentration Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per trillion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>lead"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"median","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per trillion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>cerium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per trillion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>cerium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"median crustal enrichment factor","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per trillion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>lead"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"crustal enrichment factor","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"filtered","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per trillion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>lead"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"median","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per trillion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>lead"}]}],"dataTableName":"Illimani2015Pb","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":0,"earliestYearBP":1950,"earliestYearCE":0,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28396","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/illimani/illimani2015pbiso10yr.txt","linkText":"Illimani Pb Isotope 10-Year Averages","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"}]}],"dataTableName":"Illimani2015Pbiso10yr","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1860,"earliestYearBP":90,"earliestYearCE":1860,"mostRecentYear":2000,"mostRecentYearBP":-50,"mostRecentYearCE":2000,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28397","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/illimani/illimani2015pbiso50yr.txt","linkText":"Illimani Pb Isotope 50-Year Averages","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>208Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"one standard error","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>206Pb/207Pb"}]}],"dataTableName":"Illimani2015Pbiso50yr","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":25,"earliestYearBP":1925,"earliestYearCE":25,"mostRecentYear":1975,"mostRecentYearBP":-25,"mostRecentYearCE":1975,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Illimani"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Illimani Ice Core 2000 Year Pb Concentration and Pb Isotope Data","studyNotes":"Lead (Pb) concentration and Pb isotopes from the 1999 Illimani ice core, Bolivian Andes, for the past 2,000 years. Data include 10 year medians and lowpass filtered Pb and Ce concentrations, Pb enrichment factors (EFs), and 10 year and 50 year averaged Pb isotope ratios.\n\nAdditional References:\n\nKellerhals, T., L. Tobler, S. Brütsch, M. Sigl, L. Wacker, H. W. Gäggeler, and M. Schwikowski. 2010. \nThallium as a tracer for preindustrial volcanic eruptions in an ice core record from Illimani, Bolivia \nEnviron. Sci. Technol. 44, 888-893 (2010).\n\nSigl, M., T. M. Jenk, T. Kellerhals, S. Szidat, H. W. Gäggeler, L. Wacker, H.-A. Synal, C. Boutron, \nC. Barbante, J. Gabrieli, M. Schwikowski. 2009. \nTowards radiocarbon dating of ice cores. \nJ. Glaciol. 55, 986-996.\n\nKnüsel, S., S. Brütsch, K. A. Henderson, A. S. Palmer, and M. Schwikowski. 2005. \nENSO signals of the twentieth century in an ice core from Nevado Illimani, Bolivia.\nJ. Geophys. Res. 110(D1), D01102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005420.\n\nKnüsel, S., P. Ginot, U. Schotterer, M. Schwikowski, H. W. Gaggeler, B. Francou, J. R. Petit, \nJ. C. Simoes, J. D. Taupin.  2003. \nDating of two nearby ice cores from the Illimani, Bolivia. \nJ. Geophys. Res. 108, D6, 4181, doi:10.1029/2001JD002028.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"15759"}