{"NOAAStudyId":"18057","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2015-02-24","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-18057.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1595,"earliestYearCE":355,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-18057","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France)","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"Paul Scherrer Institute","fundingGrant":null}],"investigators":"Kellerhals, T.; Brütsch, S.; Sigl, M.; Knüsel, S.; Gäggeler, H.W.; Schwikowski, M.","mostRecentYearBP":-48,"mostRecentYearCE":1998,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18057","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"We present a reconstruction of tropical South American temperature anomalies over the last ~1600 years. The reconstruction is based on a highly resolved and carefully dated ammonium record from an ice core that was drilled in 1999 on Nevado Illimani in the eastern Bolivian Andes. Concerning the relevant processes governing the observed correlation between ammonium concentrations and temperature anomalies, we discuss anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, and precipitation changes but clearly favor a temperature-dependent source strength of the vegetation in the Amazon Basin. That given, the reconstruction reveals that Medieval Warm Period - and Little Ice Age - type episodes are distinguishable in tropical South America, a region for which until now only very limited temperature proxy data have been available. For the time period from about 1050 to 1300 AD, our reconstruction shows relatively warm conditions that are followed by cooler conditions from the 15th to the 18th century, when temperatures dropped by up to 0.6C below the 1961-1990 average. The last decades of the past millennium are characterized again by warm temperatures that seem to be unprecedented in the context of the last ~1600 years.","author":{"name":"T. Kellerhals, S. Brütsch, M. Sigl, S. Knüsel, H. W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski"},"citation":"T. Kellerhals, S. Brütsch, M. Sigl, S. Knüsel, H. W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski. 2010. Ammonium concentration in ice cores: A new proxy for regional temperature reconstruction?. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115(D16), D16123. doi: 10.1029/2009JD012603","edition":"D16123","identifier":{"id":"10.1029/2009JD012603","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012603"},"issue":"D16","journal":"Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2010,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Ammonium concentration in ice cores: A new proxy for regional temperature reconstruction?","type":"publication","volume":"115"}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"56472","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-16.6167","-67.7667"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-67.7667","maxElevationMeters":"6300","minElevationMeters":"6300","northernmostLatitude":"-16.6167","southernmostLatitude":"-16.6167","westernmostLongitude":"-67.7667"}},"locationName":"Continent>South America>Bolivia","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"28398","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/illimani/illimani2010nh4ann.txt","linkText":"Illimani Annual NH4+ Data and Amazon BAsin Temperature Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microequivalent per liter","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>ammonium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"}]}],"dataTableName":"Illimani2015NH4ann","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1800,"earliestYearBP":150,"earliestYearCE":1800,"mostRecentYear":1998,"mostRecentYearBP":-48,"mostRecentYearCE":1998,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"},{"NOAADataTableId":"28399","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry","earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>reconstruction"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/illimani/illimani2010nh4-10yr.txt","linkText":"Illimani 10-Year Average NH4+ Data and Amazon Basin Temperature Reconstruction","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"two standard deviations lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations lower bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":"two standard deviations upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":"two standard deviations upper bound","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"averaged","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"microequivalent per liter","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>ammonium"}]}],"dataTableName":"Illimani2015NH4-10yr","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":355,"earliestYearBP":1595,"earliestYearCE":355,"mostRecentYear":1995,"mostRecentYearBP":-45,"mostRecentYearCE":1995,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"Illimani"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Illimani Ice Core 1,600 Year Ammonium Data and Amazon Temperature Reconstruction","studyNotes":"Ammonium (NH4+) data and reconstructed Tropical South American temperature from the 1999 Illimani ice core, Bolivian Andes, for the past 1,600 years.\n\nAdditional References:\n\nKellerhals, T., L. Tobler, S. Brütsch, M. Sigl, L. Wacker, H. W. Gäggeler, and M. Schwikowski. 2010. \nThallium as a tracer for preindustrial volcanic eruptions in an ice core record from Illimani, Bolivia \nEnviron. Sci. Technol. 44, 888-893 (2010).\n\nSigl, M., T. M. Jenk, T. Kellerhals, S. Szidat, H. W. Gäggeler, L. Wacker, H.-A. Synal, C. Boutron, \nC. Barbante, J. Gabrieli, M. Schwikowski. 2009. \nTowards radiocarbon dating of ice cores. \nJ. Glaciol. 55, 986-996.\n\nKnüsel, S., S. Brütsch, K. A. Henderson, A. S. Palmer, and M. Schwikowski. 2005. \nENSO signals of the twentieth century in an ice core from Nevado Illimani, Bolivia.\nJ. Geophys. Res. 110(D1), D01102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005420.\n\nKnüsel, S., P. Ginot, U. Schotterer, M. Schwikowski, H. W. Gaggeler, B. Francou, J. R. Petit, \nJ. C. Simoes, J. D. Taupin.  2003. \nDating of two nearby ice cores from the Illimani, Bolivia. \nJ. Geophys. Res. 108, D6, 4181, doi:10.1029/2001JD002028.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"15761"}