{"NOAAStudyId":"20528","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2016-09-23","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-20528.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":120295,"earliestYearCE":-118345,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-20528","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"European Union’s Seventh Framework programme","fundingGrant":"243908, 610055"}],"investigators":"Spolaor, A.; Vallelonga, P.; Turetta, C.; Maffezzoli, N.; Cozzi, G.; Gabrieli, J.; Barbante, C.; Goto-Azuma, K.; Saiz-Lopez, A.; Cuevas, C.A.; Dahl-Jensen, D.","mostRecentYearBP":-24,"mostRecentYearCE":1974,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/20528","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Reconstructing the past variability of Arctic sea ice provides an essential context for recent multi-year sea ice decline, although few quantitative reconstructions cover the Holocene period prior to the earliest historical records 1,200 years ago. Photochemical recycling of bromine is observed over first-year, or seasonal, sea ice in so-called \"bromine explosions\" and we employ a 1-D chemistry transport model to quantify processes of bromine enrichment over first-year sea ice and depositional transport over multi-year sea ice and land ice. We report bromine enrichment in the Northwest Greenland Eemian NEEM ice core since the end of the Eemian interglacial 120,000 years ago, finding the maximum extension of first-year sea ice occurred approximately 9,000 years ago during the Holocene climate optimum, when Greenland temperatures were 2 to 3C above present values. First-year sea ice extent was lowest during the glacial stadials suggesting complete coverage of the Arctic Ocean by multi-year sea ice. These findings demonstrate a clear relationship between temperature and first-year sea ice extent in the Arctic and suggest multi-year sea ice will continue to decline as polar amplification drives Arctic temperatures beyond the 2C global average warming target of the recent COP21 Paris climate agreement.","author":{"name":"Andrea Spolaor, Paul Vallelonga, Clara Turetta, Niccolo Maffezzoli, Giulio Cozzi, Jacopo Gabrieli, Carlo Barbante, Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Carlos A. Cuevas, and Dorthe Dahl-Jensen"},"citation":"Andrea Spolaor, Paul Vallelonga, Clara Turetta, Niccolo Maffezzoli, Giulio Cozzi, Jacopo Gabrieli, Carlo Barbante, Kumiko Goto-Azuma, Alfonso Saiz-Lopez, Carlos A. Cuevas, and Dorthe Dahl-Jensen. 2016. Canadian Arctic sea ice reconstructed from bromine in the Greenland NEEM ice core. Scientific Reports, 6, 33925. doi: 10.1038/srep33925","edition":"33925","identifier":{"id":"10.1038/srep33925","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep33925"},"issue":null,"journal":"Scientific Reports","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2016,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Canadian Arctic sea ice reconstructed from bromine in the Greenland NEEM ice core","type":"publication","volume":"6"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["sea ice"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53299","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["77.45","-51.06"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-51.06","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"77.45","southernmostLatitude":"77.45","westernmostLongitude":"-51.06"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Greenland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"31259","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/neem/neem2016br.txt","linkText":"NEEM Ice Core Bromine, Sodium, and Bromine Enrichment Data","urlDescription":"Data File","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma field sector mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"nanogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>bromine"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"inductively-coupled plasma field sector mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"nanogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>sodium"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"bromine enrichment value","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"dimensionless","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>bromine"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"cavity ring-down spectroscopy","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"NEEM2016Br","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":120295,"earliestYearBP":120295,"earliestYearCE":-118345,"mostRecentYear":-24,"mostRecentYearBP":-24,"mostRecentYearCE":1974,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"NEEM"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"NEEM Ice Core 120,000 Year Bromine and Sodium Data","studyNotes":"Bromine, sodium and bromine enrichment data used to reconstruct Canadian Arctic sea ice over the past 120 ky","version":"1.0","xmlId":"18343"}