{"NOAAStudyId":"2453","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"1999-01-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-2453.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":422766,"earliestYearCE":-420816,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-2453","funding":[],"investigators":"Petit, J.-R.; Jouzel, J.; Raynaud, D.; Barkov, N.I.; Barnola, J.M.; Basile, I.; Bender, M.L.; Chappellaz, J.A.; Davis, J.; Delaygue, G.; Delmotte, M.; Kotlyakov, V.M.; Legrand, M.; Lipenkov, V.; Lorius, C.; Pépin, L.; Ritz, C.; Saltzman, E.S.; Stievenard, M.","mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/2453","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":null,"author":null,"citation":"Petit, J.R., J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, N.I. Barkov, J.M. Barnola, I. Basile, M. Bender, J. Chappellaz, J. Davis, G. Delaygue, M. Delmotte, V.M. Kotlyakov, M. Legrand, V. Lipenkov, C. Lorius, L. Pépin, C. Ritz, E. Saltzman, and M. Stievenard. 1999. Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica. Nature 399:429-436.","edition":null,"identifier":null,"issue":null,"journal":"Nature","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":1999,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok Ice Core, Antarctica","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"Y","scienceKeywords":["Air Temperature Reconstruction"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"19976","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-78.47","106.8"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"106.8","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"-78.47","southernmostLatitude":"-78.47","westernmostLongitude":"106.8"}},"locationName":"Continent>Antarctica","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"38313","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>atmospheric gas"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/gt4nat.txt","linkText":"gt4nat.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Vostok Gas and Ice Chron Petit1999","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":422766,"earliestYearBP":422766,"earliestYearCE":-420816,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"38314","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/o18nat.txt","linkText":"o18nat.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>gas age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"gravitational correction","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"gravitational correction","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":"wet extraction","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"}]}],"dataTableName":"Vostok d18O Petit1999","dataTableNotes":"Gas Age as deduced from the Barnola et al. (1991) model. d18Oatm data published in Sowers et al.(1993) and Jouzel et al.(1993) have been included.","earliestYear":414603,"earliestYearBP":414603,"earliestYearCE":-412653,"mostRecentYear":724,"mostRecentYearBP":724,"mostRecentYearCE":1226,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"38315","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>atmospheric gas"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/co2nat.txt","linkText":"co2nat.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>gas age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"no gravitational correction","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":"ion chromatography","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbon dioxide"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"no gravitational correction","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":"wet extraction","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>inorganic compound>carbon dioxide"}]}],"dataTableName":"Vostok CO2 Petit1999","dataTableNotes":"CO2 and CH4 measurements have been performed using the methods and analytical procedures previously described (Barnola et al., 1987, Chappellaz et al, 1990). However, the CO2 measuring system has been slightly modified in order to increase the sensitivity of the CO2 detection. The thermal conductivity chromatographic detector has been replaced by a flame ionisation detector which measures CO2 \r\nafter its transformation into CH4. The overall accuracy for CH4 and CO2 measurements are ± 20 ppbv and 2-3 ppmv respectively. No gravitational correction has been applied.","earliestYear":414085,"earliestYearBP":414085,"earliestYearCE":-412135,"mostRecentYear":2342,"mostRecentYearBP":2342,"mostRecentYearCE":-392,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"38316","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>atmospheric gas"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/ch4nat.txt","linkText":"ch4nat.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>gas age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"no gravitational correction","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":"gas chromatography - flame ionization detection","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per billion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>hydrocarbon>alkane>n-alkane>methane"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"no gravitational correction","cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":"wet extraction","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per billion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>hydrocarbon>alkane>n-alkane>methane"}]}],"dataTableName":"Vostok CH4 Petit1999","dataTableNotes":"CO2 and CH4 measurements have been performed using the methods and analytical procedures previously described (Barnola et al., 1987, Chappellaz et al, 1990). However, the CO2 measuring system has been slightly modified in order to increase the sensitivity of the CO2 detection. The thermal conductivity chromatographic detector has been replaced by a flame ionisation detector which measures CO2 after its transformation into CH4. The overall accuracy for CH4 and CO2 measurements are ± 20 ppbv and 2-3 ppmv respectively. No gravitational correction has been applied.","earliestYear":417173,"earliestYearBP":417173,"earliestYearCE":-415223,"mostRecentYear":2347,"mostRecentYearBP":2347,"mostRecentYearCE":-397,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"38317","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/dustnat.txt","linkText":"dustnat.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"electric sensing particle size analysis","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per million","cvWhat":"geological material>bulk geological material>dust"}]}],"dataTableName":"Vostok Dust Petit1999","dataTableNotes":"The dust concentration was calculated from the total volume concentration \r\n(from Coulter counter measurements), and assuming a dust density of 2.500 Kg. m-3. Data from  Petit et al (1990), Jouzel et al. (1993) down to 2545 m depth have been included.","earliestYear":421761,"earliestYearBP":421761,"earliestYearCE":-419811,"mostRecentYear":4509,"mostRecentYearBP":4509,"mostRecentYearCE":-2559,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"38318","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>hydrogen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/deutnat.txt","linkText":"deutnat.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":"linear regression; anomaly from recent","cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":"anomalized","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"reconstruction material>isotope ratio>delta 2H","cvMethod":"regression analysis","cvSeasonality":"annual","cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"degree Celsius","cvWhat":"earth system variable>temperature variable>temperature>surface temperature"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":"interpolated","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"isotope ratio mass spectrometry","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil VPDB","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 2H"}]}],"dataTableName":"Vostok Deuterium Petit1999","dataTableNotes":"Deuterium measurements have been performed on three adjacent cores 3G, 4G and 5G (see Figure 1 of Jouzel et al., 1996).  It combines results successively published in Jouzel et al. (1987, 1993 and 1996). \r\nTemperature difference wrt the mean recent time value \r\n(i.e. corresponding departure from -438  ‰ mean deuterium value)\r\nDeuterium data is from core 3G between 138 and 2083 meters below surface (mbs) (with one long missing section between 312 and 320 mbs), from core 4G between 8 and 138 mbs and between 1920 and 2546 mbs and from core 5G between 2504 and 2757 mbs. Ash layers help to make link between cores. No correction was applied for 3G and 4G core taken as reference depth. For 5G samples, a value of 3.41 m have been added to the depth measured in the field  below depth of 2500 m. Deuterium values (column 3) have been measured on ice samples of length comprised between 0.5 and 2 m (down to 2080 m) then every 1 m. Data was re-interpolated on 1m intervals afterwards. The ice recovery is 85% or higher. Measurement accuracy is of ± 0.5‰ SMOW  (1 s). From the surface down to 7 m a constant value (derived from surface and pits samples) of -438.0 ‰ is reported. The temperature change indicated in column 4 (temperature above the inversion). \r\nThis temperature is calculated using a deuterium/temperature gradient of 9‰/°C after accounting for the isotopic change of sea-water. No correction for the influence of the geographical position of the ice was applied.","earliestYear":422766,"earliestYearBP":422766,"earliestYearCE":-420816,"mostRecentYear":0,"mostRecentYearBP":0,"mostRecentYearCE":1950,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"},{"NOAADataTableId":"38319","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/vostok/nanat.txt","linkText":"nanat.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":"ion chromatography","cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per billion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>sodium"}]}],"dataTableName":"Vostok Na Petit1999","dataTableNotes":"Data from Legrand et al.(1988) ,down to 2080 m have been included.","earliestYear":419336,"earliestYearBP":419336,"earliestYearCE":-417386,"mostRecentYear":72,"mostRecentYearBP":72,"mostRecentYearCE":1878,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Vostok"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Vostok - Isotope and Gas Data and Temperature Reconstruction","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"2232"}