{"NOAAStudyId":"6074","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2007-07-01","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-6074.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":162,"earliestYearCE":1788,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-6074","funding":[],"investigators":"McConnell, J.R.; Edwards, R.; Kok, G.L.; Flanner, M.G.; Zender, C.S.; Saltzman, E.S.; Banta, J.R.; Pasteris, D.R.; Carter, M.M.; Kahl, J.D.W.","mostRecentYearBP":-52,"mostRecentYearCE":2002,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/6074","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Black carbon (BC) from biomass and fossil fuel combustion alters chemical and physical properties of the atmosphere and snow albedo, yet little is known about its emission or deposition histories. Measurements of BC, vanillic acid, and non–sea-salt sulfur in ice cores indicate that sources and concentrations of BC in Greenland precipitation varied greatly since 1788 as a result of boreal forest fires and industrial activities. Beginning about 1850, industrial emissions resulted in a sevenfold increase in ice-core BC concentrations, with most change occurring in winter. BC concentrations after about 1951 were lower but increasing. At its maximum from 1906 to 1910, estimated surface climate forcing in early summer from BC in Arctic snow was about 3 watts per square meter, which is eight times the typical preindustrial forcing value.","author":{"name":"Joseph R. McConnell, Ross Edwards, Gregory L. Kok, Mark G. Flanner, Charles S. Zender, Eric S. Saltzman, J. Ryan Banta, Daniel R. Pasteris, Megan M. Carter, Jonathan D. W. Kahl"},"citation":"Joseph R. McConnell, Ross Edwards, Gregory L. Kok, Mark G. Flanner, Charles S. Zender, Eric S. Saltzman, J. Ryan Banta, Daniel R. Pasteris, Megan M. Carter, Jonathan D. W. Kahl. 2007. 20th-Century Industrial Black Carbon Emissions Altered Arctic Climate Forcing. Science, 317(5843), 1381-1384. doi: 10.1126/science.1144856 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.1144856 ","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1144856 "},"issue":"5843","journal":"Science","pages":"1381-1384","pubRank":"1","pubYear":2007,"reportNumber":null,"title":"20th-Century Industrial Black Carbon Emissions Altered Arctic Climate Forcing","type":"publication","volume":"317"}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"20561","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["71.4","-43.9"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-43.9","maxElevationMeters":"2730","minElevationMeters":"2730","northernmostLatitude":"71.4","southernmostLatitude":"71.4","westernmostLongitude":"-43.9"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Greenland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"9364","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>chemistry"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/d4-2007carbon.txt","linkText":"d4-2007carbon.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age>ice age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"nanogram per gram","cvWhat":"biological material>bulk biological material>black carbon"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"nanogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>aromatic compound>vanillic acid"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"nanogram per gram","cvWhat":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>sulfur>non-sea-salt sulfur"}]}],"dataTableName":"D4 Core 401","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1788,"earliestYearBP":162,"earliestYearCE":1788,"mostRecentYear":2002,"mostRecentYearBP":-52,"mostRecentYearCE":2002,"species":[],"timeUnit":"AD"}],"siteName":"D4"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"D4 - Black Carbon, VA, and nssS Data","studyNotes":null,"version":"1.0","xmlId":"1382"}