{"NOAAStudyId":"9904","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2010-09-10","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"ICE CORES","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/ice-core","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-icecore-9904.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":24000,"earliestYearCE":-22050,"entryId":"noaa-icecore-9904","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"OPP0221470,OPP0221410"},{"fundingAgency":"Packard Fellowship","fundingGrant":null},{"fundingAgency":"American Chemical Society","fundingGrant":"PRF 42551-AC2"},{"fundingAgency":"Danish Research Council","fundingGrant":"21-02-0504"},{"fundingAgency":"Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences","fundingGrant":"MAMMOTH"}],"investigators":"Schaefer, H.; Petrenko, V.V.; Brook, E.J.; Severinghaus, J.; Reeh, N.; Melton, J.R.; Mitchell, L.E.","mostRecentYearBP":11000,"mostRecentYearCE":-9050,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/9904","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Horizontal ice-core sites, where ancient ice is exposed at the \nglacier surface, offer unique opportunities for paleo-studies \nof trace components requiring large sample volumes. Following \nprevious work at the Pâkitsoq ice margin in West Greenland, \nwe use a combination of geochemical parameters measured in the \nice matrix (d18Oice) and air occlusions (d18Oatm, d15N of N2 \nand methane concentration) to date ice layers from specific \nclimatic intervals. The data presented here expand our \nunderstanding of the stratigraphy and three-dimensional \nstructure of ice layers outcropping at Pâkitsoq. Sections \ncontaining ice from every distinct climatic interval during \nTermination I, including Last Glacial Maximum, Bølling/Allerød, \nYounger Dryas and the early Holocene, are identified. In the \nearly Holocene, we find evidence for climatic fluctuations \nsimilar to signals found in deep ice cores from Greenland. \nA second glacial-interglacial transition exposed at the extreme \nmargin of the ice is identified as another outcrop of Termination \nI (rather than the onset of the Eemian interglacial as postulated \nin earlier work). Consequently, the main structural feature at \nPâkitsoq is a large-scale anticline with accordion-type folding \nin both exposed sequences of the glacial-Holocene transition, \nleading to multiple layer duplications and age reversals. \n","author":null,"citation":"Schaefer, H., V.V. Petrenko, E.J. Brook, J.P. Severinghaus, \nN. Reeh, J.R. Melton, and L. Mitchell. 2009. \nIce stratigraphy at the Pâkitsoq ice margin, West Greenland, \nderived from gas records. \nJournal of Glaciology, Vol. 55, No. 191, pp. 411-421(11), \nJune 2009. DOI: 10.3189/002214309788816704\n","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.3189/002214309788816704","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214309788816704"},"issue":null,"journal":"Journal of Glaciology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2009,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Ice stratigraphy at the Pâkitsoq ice margin, West Greenland,  derived from gas records","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":null,"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"20012","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["69.48","-50.8"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-50.8","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"69.48","southernmostLatitude":"69.48","westernmostLongitude":"-50.8"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>Greenland","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"18754","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>nitrogen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>atmospheric gas"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/pakitsoq2009.txt","linkText":"pakitsoq2009.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>oxygen gas","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil SMOW","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 18O"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":"one standard deviation","cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per billion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>hydrocarbon>alkane>n-alkane>methane"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"note: distance","cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"meter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar kiloyear before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age>gas age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"hydrologic material>bulk ice","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"milliliter per gram","cvWhat":"physical property>porosity>air content"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"CLIMATE FORCING|ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"atmospheric material>bulk atmosphere","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"parts per billion","cvWhat":"chemical composition>compound>organic compound>hydrocarbon>alkane>n-alkane>methane"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"ICE CORES","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"chemical composition>element or single-element molecule>nitrogen gas","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"per mil AIR","cvWhat":"chemical composition>isotope>isotope ratio>delta 15N"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>nitrogen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>ice core>atmospheric gas"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/pakitsoq2009.xls","linkText":"pakitsoq2009.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"PK04","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":24000,"earliestYearBP":24000,"earliestYearCE":-22050,"mostRecentYear":11000,"mostRecentYearBP":11000,"mostRecentYearCE":-9050,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Pakitsoq outcrop"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Pakitsoq Greenland Ice Outcrop Gas Stratigraphy Data 2004-2005 ","studyNotes":"All data are from ice samples collected in the 2004 and 2005 \nfield seasons at the ancient ice outcrop of Pakitsoq \n(West Greenland) and supplement earlier work on this site \n(2001-2003; Petrenko et al., 2006).  Data are from a network \nof sampling profiles whose details and exact positions are \nprovided in Table 2 and Figure 3 of Schaefer et al. (2009). \nMeasured data include air content, CH4 concentration [CH4], \nthe 15N/14N ratio of N2 (d15N), the 18O/16O ratio of atmospheric \nO2 (d18Oatm) and of the ice matrix (d18Oice). Sample age is a \nfunction of distance along the sampling profile and may be \nreversed as a consequence of folding. Ages are reported only \nfor shorter profiles where the parameters provided sufficient \nage control.  \n\nGas ages are derived by comparison with equivalent records \nfrom the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 core and placed on \nthe gas age scale of Schaefer et al. (2006). \n\nPrecision is given as pooled standard deviations derived \nfrom triplicate measurements on each of 1-3 replicate samples \nper depth for [CH4] and as pooled standard deviations derived \nfrom duplicate analyses for d15N and d18O. \n\nPooled standard deviations for 2004 are:\n[CH4]: 32 ppb (n=74). \nd15N: 0.009 ‰ (n= 51)\nd18O: 0.024 ‰ (n= 51)\n\nPooled standard deviations for 2005 are:\n[CH4]: 22 ppb (n=174). \nd15N: 0.009 ‰ (n= 76) (all short profiles); 0.006 ‰ (n= 50) (PK05 EH).\nd18O: 0.024 ‰ (n= 76) (all short profiles); 0.027‰ (n= 50) (PK05 EH).\nNo d15N and d18O duplicates were measured for the following profiles: \nPK04 BAS, PK04 BAN, PK05 MA. \n\n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"8796"}