{"NOAAStudyId":"12584","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-02-24","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-12584.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":21023,"earliestYearCE":-19073,"entryId":"noaa-lake-12584","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"European Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"EUROCORES program EuroCLIMATE"}],"investigators":"Wolff, C.; Haug, G.H.; Timmermann, A.; Sinninghe Damsté, J.S.; Brauer, A.; Sigman, D.M.; Cane, M.A.; Verschuren, D.","mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12584","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Interannual rainfall variations in equatorial East Africa \r\nare tightly linked to the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), \r\nwith more rain and flooding during El Niño and droughts in \r\nLa Niña years, both having severe impacts on human habitation \r\nand food security. Here we report evidence from an annually \r\nlaminated lake sediment record from southeastern Kenya for \r\ninterannual to centennial-scale changes in ENSO-related rainfall \r\nvariability during the last three millennia and for reductions \r\nin both the mean rate and the variability of rainfall in East \r\nAfrica during the Last Glacial period. Climate model simulations \r\nsupport forward extrapolation from these lake sediment data \r\nthat future warming will intensify the interannual variability \r\nof East Africa's rainfall. \r\n","author":null,"citation":"Wolff, C., G.H. Haug, A. Timmermann, J.S. Sinninghe Damsté, \r\nA. Brauer, D.M. Sigman, M.A. Cane, and D. Verschuren. 2011. \r\nReduced Interannual Rainfall Variability in East Africa \r\nDuring the Last Ice Age. \r\nScience, Vol. 333, pp. 743 - 747 \r\nDOI: 10.1126/science.1203724","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1126/science.1203724","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1203724"},"issue":null,"journal":"Science","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2011,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Reduced Interannual Rainfall Variability in East Africa  During the Last Ice Age","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["ENSO"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"47999","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-3.3167","37.7"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"37.7","maxElevationMeters":"880","minElevationMeters":"880","northernmostLatitude":"-3.3167","southernmostLatitude":"-3.3167","westernmostLongitude":"37.7"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Eastern Africa>Kenya","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"20917","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/challa2011varve.txt","linkText":"challa2011varve.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"varve number","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"count","cvWhat":"sampling metadata>notes"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"physical property>length>varve thickness"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"varve organic layer thickness","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"physical property>length>varve thickness"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"varve mineral layer thickness","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"millimeter","cvWhat":"physical property>length>varve thickness"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/eastafrica/challa2011varve.xls","linkText":"challa2011varve.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"Challa2011Varve","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":21023,"earliestYearBP":21023,"earliestYearCE":-19073,"mostRecentYear":-55,"mostRecentYearBP":-55,"mostRecentYearCE":2005,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lake Challa"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lake Challa, Kenya Holocene and LGM Varve Thickness Data","studyNotes":"Varve thickness data from Lake Challa, Kenya/Tanzania for two, \n~3,000-year intervals, 21 KYrBP - 18 KYrBP and 3000 YrBP to the present.","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10627"}