{"NOAAStudyId":"12910","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-05-15","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-12910.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":1400,"earliestYearCE":550,"entryId":"noaa-lake-12910","funding":[{"fundingAgency":"US National Science Foundation","fundingGrant":"EAR-0822922 and OPP 0837883"}],"investigators":"Stager, J.C.; Mayewski, P.A.; White, J.; Chase, B.M.; Neumann, F.H.; Meadows, M.E.; King, C.D.; Dixon, D.A.","mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/12910","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"The austral westerlies strongly influence precipitation and ocean \r\ncirculation in the southern temperate zone, with important \r\nconsequences for cultures and ecosystems. Global climate models \r\nanticipate poleward retreat of the austral westerlies with future \r\nwarming, but the available paleoclimate records that might test \r\nthese models have been limited to South America and New Zealand, \r\nare not fully consistent with each other and may be complicated \r\nby influences from other climatic factors. Here we present the \r\nfirst high-resolution diatom and sedimentological records from \r\nthe winter rainfall region of South Africa, representing \r\nprecipitation in the equatorward margin of the westerly wind belt \r\nduring the last 1400 yr. Inferred rainfall was relatively high \r\n~1400-1200 cal yr BP, decreased until ~950 cal yr BP, and rose \r\nnotably through the Little Ice Age with pulses centred on ~600, \r\n530, 470, 330, 200, 90, and 20 cal yr BP. Synchronous fluctuations \r\nin Antarctic ice core chemistry strongly suggest that these \r\nvariations were linked to changes in the westerlies. Equatorward \r\ndrift of the westerlies during the wet periods may have influenced \r\nAtlantic meridional overturning circulation by restricting marine \r\nflow around the tip of Africa. Apparent inconsistencies among some \r\naspects of records from South America, New Zealand and South Africa \r\nwarn against the simplistic application of single records to the \r\nSouthern Hemisphere as a whole. Nonetheless, these findings in \r\ngeneral do support model projections of increasing aridity in \r\nthe austral winter rainfall zones with future warming. ","author":null,"citation":"Stager, J.C., P.A. Mayewski, J. White, B.M. Chase, F.H. Neumann, \r\nM.E. Meadows, C.D. King, and D.A. Dixon. 2012. \r\nPrecipitation variability in the winter rainfall zone of South \r\nAfrica during the last 1400 yr linked to the austral westerlies. \r\nClimate of the Past, Vol. 8, pp. 877-887. \r\nwww.clim-past.net/8/877/2012/\r\ndoi:10.5194/cp-8-877-2012 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.5194/cp-8-877-2012","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-877-2012"},"issue":null,"journal":"Climate of the Past","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"Precipitation variability in the winter rainfall zone of South  Africa during the last 1400 yr linked to the austral westerlies","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["westerlies"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53044","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["-32.36","18.44"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"18.44","maxElevationMeters":"1","minElevationMeters":"1","northernmostLatitude":"-32.36","southernmostLatitude":"-32.36","westernmostLongitude":"18.44"}},"locationName":"Continent>Africa>Southern Africa>South Africa","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"21253","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/africa/verlorenvlei2012.txt","linkText":"verlorenvlei2012.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>diatom>diatom index>diatom habitat-based index>total benthic diatoms>total epiphytic diatoms"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"calendar year before present","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"year Common Era","cvWhat":"age variable>age"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"diluted water taxa","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>diatom>diatom index>diatom tolerance-based index"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"brackish water taxa","cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"percent","cvWhat":"biological material>organism>diatom>diatom index>diatom tolerance-based index"}]},{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/africa/verlorenvlei2012.xls","linkText":"verlorenvlei2012.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"VV09","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":1400,"earliestYearBP":1400,"earliestYearCE":550,"mostRecentYear":-59,"mostRecentYearBP":-59,"mostRecentYearCE":2009,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Verlorenvlei"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Verlorenvlei, South Africa 1400 Year Diatom Abundance Data","studyNotes":"Diatom time series from Verlorenvlei, South Africa for the past \n1400 years.  Diatom data grouped as follows: \n\ndilute-water taxa = mostly Aulacoseira granulata + Nitzschia lacuum \n+ Synedra delicatissima (sensu Partrick & Reimer) \nBrackish taxa  = Cyclotella meneghiniana + Thalassiosira \nEpiphytic taxa  = Cocconeis + Epithemia \n\nHigher \"% dilute\" interpreted as indicating more winter rains, \nwith austral westerlies shifted equatorward. \n\nCore VV09, Verlorenvlei, South Africa: \n32.36°S, 18.44°'E, ~1m elevation, 4m water depth. \n","version":"1.0","xmlId":"10976"}