{"NOAAStudyId":"13074","contactInfo":{"address":"325 Broadway, E/NE31","city":"Boulder","constraints":"Please cite original publication, online resource, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource, and date accessed. The appearance of external links associated with a dataset does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of external Web sites or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities, the Department of Commerce/NOAA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. These links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this Department of Commerce/NOAA Web site.","country":"USA","dataCenterUrl":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data","email":"paleo@noaa.gov","fax":"303-497-6513","longName":"National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce ","phone":"303-497-6280","postalCode":"80305-3328","shortName":"DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI","state":"CO","type":"CONTACT INFORMATION"},"contributionDate":"2012-06-30","dataPublisher":"NOAA","dataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","dataTypeInformation":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/paleoclimatology-data/datasets/lake","difMetadataLink":"http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/dif/xml/noaa-lake-13074.xml","doi":null,"earliestYearBP":14524,"earliestYearCE":-12574,"entryId":"noaa-lake-13074","funding":[],"investigators":"Kaufman, D.S.; Axford, Y.; Anderson, R.S.; Lamoureux, S.F.; Schindler, D.E.; Walker, I.R.; Werner, A.","mostRecentYearBP":-5,"mostRecentYearCE":1955,"onlineResourceLink":"https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13074","originalSource":null,"publication":[{"abstract":"Sediment cores from Lone Spruce Pond (60.007°N, 159.143°W), \r\nsouthwestern Alaska, record paleoenvironmental changes during \r\nthe global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and during the last 14,500 \r\ncalendar years BP (14.5 cal ka). We analyzed the abundance of \r\norganic matter, biogenic silica, carbon, and nitrogen, and the \r\nisotope ratios of C and N, magnetic susceptibility, and grain-size \r\ndistribution of bulk sediment, abundance of alder shrub (Alnus) pollen, \r\nand midge (Chironomidae and Chaoboridae) assemblages in a 4.7-m-long \r\nsediment sequence from the depocenter at 22 m water depth. The basal \r\nunit contains macrofossils dating to 25-21 cal ka (the global LGM), \r\nand is interpreted as glacial-lacustrine sediment. The open water \r\nrequires that the outlet of the Ahklun Mountain ice cap had retreated \r\nto within 6 km of the range crest. In addition to cladocerans \r\nand diatoms, the glacial-lacustrine mud contains chironomids consistent \r\nwith deep, oligotrophic conditions; several taxa associated with \r\nrelatively warm conditions are present, suggestive of relative warmth \r\nduring the global LGM. The glacial-lacustrine unit is separated from \r\nthe overlying non-glacial lake sediment by a possible disconformity, \r\nwhich might record a readvance of glacier ice. Non-glacial sediment \r\nbegan accumulating around 14.5 cal ka, with high flux of mineral matter \r\nand fluctuating physical and biological properties through the global \r\ndeglacial period, including a reversal in biogenic-silica (BSi) content \r\nduring the Younger Dryas (YD). During the global deglacial interval, \r\nthe d13C values of lake sediment were higher relative to other periods, \r\nconsistent with low C:N ratios (8), and suggesting a dominant \r\natmospheric CO2 source of C for phytoplankton. Concentrations of \r\naquatic faunal remains (chironomids and Cladocera) were low throughout \r\nthe deglacial interval, diversity was low and warm-indicator taxa were \r\nabsent. Higher production and air temperatures are inferred following \r\nthe YD, when bulk organic-matter (OM) content (LOI 550 °C) increased \r\nsubstantially and permanently, from 10 to 30%, a trend paralleled by \r\nan increase in C and N abundance, an increase in C:N ratio (to about 12), \r\nand a decrease in d13C of sediment. Post-YD warming is marked by a rapid \r\nshift in the midge assemblage. Between 8.9 and 8.5 cal ka, Alnus pollen \r\ntripled (25-75 %), followed by the near-tripling of BSi (7-19 %) by 8.2 \r\ncal ka, and d15N began a steady rise, reflecting the buildup of N \r\nand an increase in denitrification in soils. Several chironomid taxa \r\nindicative of relatively warm conditions were present throughout \r\nthe Holocene. Quantitative chironomid-based temperature inferences \r\nare complicated by the expansion of Alnus and resulting changes in \r\nlake nutrient status and production; these changes were associated \r\nwith an abrupt increase in cladoceran abundance and persistent \r\nshift in the chironomid assemblage. During the last 2,000 years, \r\nchironomid-assemblage changes suggest cooler temperatures, and BSi \r\nand OM values were generally lower than their maximum Holocene values, \r\nwith minima during the seventh and eighth centuries, and again during \r\nthe eighteenth century. ","author":null,"citation":"Kaufman, D.S., Y. Axford, R.S. Anderson, S.F. Lamoureux, \r\nD.E. Schindler, I.R. Walker, and A. Werner. 2012.\r\nA multi-proxy record of the Last Glacial Maximum and last 14,500 years \r\nof paleoenvironmental change at Lone Spruce Pond, southwestern Alaska. \r\nJournal of Paleolimnology, Vol. 48, No. 1, June 2012, pp. 9-26.  \r\nDOI: 10.1007/s10933-012-9607-4 ","edition":null,"identifier":{"id":"10.1007/s10933-012-9607-4","type":"doi","url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10933-012-9607-4"},"issue":null,"journal":"Journal of Paleolimnology","pages":null,"pubRank":"1","pubYear":2012,"reportNumber":null,"title":"A multi-proxy record of the Last Glacial Maximum and last 14,500 years  of paleoenvironmental change at Lone Spruce Pond, southwestern Alaska","type":"publication","volume":null}],"reconstruction":"N","scienceKeywords":["Younger Dryas","Arctic","PAGES Arctic 2k"],"site":[{"NOAASiteId":"53152","geo":{"geoType":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":["60.007","-159.143"],"type":"POINT"},"properties":{"easternmostLongitude":"-159.143","maxElevationMeters":null,"minElevationMeters":null,"northernmostLatitude":"60.007","southernmostLatitude":"60.007","westernmostLongitude":"-159.143"}},"locationName":"Continent>North America>United States Of America>Alaska","mappable":"Y","paleoData":[{"NOAADataTableId":"22528","coreLengthMeters":null,"dataFile":[{"NOAAKeywords":["earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>magnetic susceptibility","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>oxygen isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>mineralogy"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/alaska/lonespruce2012.txt","linkText":"lonespruce2012.txt","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"INSECT|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":"corrected for tephra layers","cvDataType":"INSECT|PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":"corrected","cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":null,"cvMethod":null,"cvSeasonality":null,"cvShortName":null,"cvUnit":"centimeter","cvWhat":"depth variable>depth"},{"cvAdditionalInfo":null,"cvDataType":"PALEOLIMNOLOGY","cvDetail":null,"cvError":null,"cvFormat":"Numeric","cvMaterial":"geological material>bulk geological material>sediment","cvMethod":"magnetic susceptibility measurement with point or surface 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science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>mineralogy","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>population abundance","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>carbon isotopes","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>physical properties","earth science>paleoclimate>paleolimnology>oxygen isotopes"],"fileUrl":"https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/northamerica/usa/alaska/lonespruce2012.xls","linkText":"lonespruce2012.xls","urlDescription":"Data","variables":[]}],"dataTableName":"LSP2012","dataTableNotes":null,"earliestYear":14524,"earliestYearBP":14524,"earliestYearCE":-12574,"mostRecentYear":-5,"mostRecentYearBP":-5,"mostRecentYearCE":1955,"species":[],"timeUnit":"cal yr BP"}],"siteName":"Lone Spruce Pond"}],"studyCode":null,"studyName":"Lone Spruce Pond, Alaska 14,500 Year Multiproxy Sediment Data","studyNotes":"Multiproxy sediment data from Lone Spruce Pond, Alaska, \nfor the past 14,500 years. Paleoenvironmental proxies measured \ninclude abundance of organic matter, biogenic silica, carbon \nand nitrogen content and isotopic ratios, magnetic susceptibility, \ngrain-size distribution of bulk sediment, abundance of alder shrub \n(Alnus) pollen, and midge (Chironomidae and Chaoboridae) assemblages. \n\nLone Spruce Pond, Southwestern Alaska: 60.007°N, 159.143°W ","version":"1.0","xmlId":"11116"}